We show that a single parthenogenic M. persicae clone establishes stable colonies on nine plant species from five plant families. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Based on the presence in at least three biological replicates, 3,186 M. persicae transcripts corresponding to 5% of the M. persicae transcriptome were found in the feeding site. Aphids survived equally well on Br and At from the start and achieved a 100% survival rate at ∼4 wk on Nb, St, Ps, Ci, and Zm and at ∼10 wk on Pv and Ha. The authors declare no competing interest. We do not capture any email address. Therefore, M. persicae preferentially translocates candidate lncRNAs of salivary gland-expressed genes that are DE in aphids on divergent hosts into feeding sites. Arrows at the right of the blots indicate the locations of the in vitro synthesized 291-nt Ya1-SP6 RNA transcript and Ya1 transcript found in aphids and A. thaliana Col-0 plants. (D and E) Northern blot hybridizations with a Ya1 probe to detect Ya1 transcript in aphids (D) and plants (E). Their research will inform industry and research programmes to support pest control and aid global food security. S13). This is a mutualistic relationship, with these dairying ants milking the aphids by stroking them with their antennae. [2], Adult green peach aphids appear in the summer, and are 1.8 to 2.1 mm long; the head and thorax are black, and the abdomen yellow-green with a dark patch on the back. The application of plant secondary substance is also playing a pivotal role in the population control since people increasingly put a premium on the environmental protection and sustainable agriculture. Equal RNA loading levels were assessed by stripping blots and subsequent labeling with the A. thaliana U6 probe. Hemipterans use their stylets to feed on plant sap, often from the phloem or xylem of the plant vascular tissue. To identify M. persicae genes that change expression levels on different plant species (i.e., host-responsive genes), we generated RNA-seq data from stable M. persicae colonies on nine hosts (five biological replicates each). 2A and SI Appendix, Table S2). UK scientists, in collaboration with groups in Europe and the US, have discovered why the green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae) is one of the most destructive pests to many of our most important crops. RNAs were isolated from four independent biological replicates of aphid-exposed leaves and nonexposed control leaves and processed for RNA-seq. S11). (A) qRT-PCR showing knockdown of Ya1 in M. persicae reared on plants that stably produce dsRNA_Ya1 relative to those that produce dsRNA_GFP (controls). M. persicae Ya genes were manually annotated by selecting gene models and corresponding transcripts that align to a conserved 148-bp nucleotide sequence among Ya transcripts (SI Appendix, Fig. To investigate this, we generated transgenic lines expressing dsRNA corresponding to the Ya1 sequence for plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) of Ya1 in M. persicae. 5E and SI Appendix, Fig. (B) Schematic overview of Ya1 transcripts, showing the locations of primers used for amplification in the RT-PCR experiment of C. (C) RT-PCR of Ya1 transcripts in aphids and aphid-exposed A. thaliana Col-0 plants. The DE transcripts were enriched in functions of oxidation-reduction processes, proteolysis (including CathB), and sensory perception of taste (SI Appendix, Fig. Each data point (black dot) represents the number of nymphs produced by one adult female per plant. We previously found that an asexually reproducing (parthenogenic) M. persicae colony consisting of largely genetically identical females can adjust to the divergent plant species Brassica rapa, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Nicotiana benthamiana via differential coregulation of tandemly repeated gene families, including that of Cathepsin B (CathB), virulence factors that optimize the ability of M. persicae to colonize specific plant species (22). To identify aphid virulence factors, we took advantage of the ability of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae to colonize divergent plant species. S12 A and B). Van Emden HF, Eastop VF, Hughes RD, Way MJ. A genome-guided transcriptome assembly was generated with RNA-seq data of the 45 libraries of the nine host experiments and RNA-seq data generated from library LIB1777 (22). Green peach aphid is also the most common aphid affecting greenhouse crops. 5B); therefore, knockdown of Ya1 expression is correlated with reduced M. persicae reproduction on A. thaliana. The computational workflow for M. persicae transcript annotation and lncRNA identification is shown in SI Appendix, Fig. Therefore, beyond transmitting a range of pathogens, M. persicae translocate their own transcripts into plants, including an RNA that promotes aphid performance. S6 and Dataset S2). Our work shows evidence that the establishment of parasitic interactions between divergent organisms involves translocation of an lncRNA virulence factor. However, whether these larger parasite RNAs modulate parasite–host interactions is unclear. Appearance: All aphids are soft-bodied and pear-shaped with a pair of cornicles (tailpipe-like structures) projecting from the rear end of their abdomen. UK scientists, in collaboration with groups in Europe and the US, have discovered why the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is one of the most destructive pests to many of our most important crops. Cui L, Francis F, Heuskin S, Lognay G, Liu Y, Dong J, Chen J, Song X, Liu Y. 1C and Dataset S2). Injury. Although this module was not enriched for DE genes, several CutP genes were significantly DE and, as before (22), were up-regulated on N. benthamiana and down-regulated on B. rapa and A. thaliana. M. persicae Ya lncRNA promotes M. persicae colonization on A. thaliana. Green peach aphid adults have yellowish-green, pear-shaped bodies about 0.125 inch long. Some species of ants farm aphids, protecting them on the plants where they are feeding, and consuming the honeydew the aphids release from the terminations of their alimentary canals. Moreover, the M. persicae transcripts in the feeding sites were enriched for DE genes and salivary gland transcripts (P = 3.7E-13 and P = 0.03, respectively, Fisher’s exact test), and in both categories the transcripts were also enriched for candidate lncRNAs (P = 0.002 and P = 3.8E-35, respectively, Fisher’s exact test) (Fig. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS. (E) Heatmap of log-transformed TPM values of genes in the darkslateblue module. We generated stable transgenic plants that produced the 273-nt (exons 2 and 3) Ya1 transcript (35S::Ya1 [Col-0] lines 8-8 and 9-9) and 273-nt Ya1 mutants in which three ATG start sites within the 38-aa ORF were mutated to stop codons (35S::Ya1_3AUG [Col-0] lines 1-1, 3-3, and 4-4) (Fig. More intriguing about the insect’s strategy is that aphids can reproduce clonally – i.e. Annual Review of Entomology 14: 197-270. In the opposite direction, plants export specific microRNAs to control virulence of a pathogenic fungus (39). Aphids attended by ants tend to increase the production of honeydew in smaller drops with a greater concentration of amino acids. We also confirmed that the Ya genes form several tandem repeats in the M. persicae genome in which the Ya genes were often, but not always, organized in pairs facing outward on opposite genomic strands (Fig. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. *P < 0.01, Student t test. All Ya genes have a three-exon structure and show a modest to high sequence conservation (ranging between 84.6% and 99.1% nucleotide identities compared with Ya1), including a region that corresponds to a small open reading frame (ORF) that may translate into a 38-aa peptide in all 30 Ya transcripts (Fig. Four modules (darkslateblue, darkorange2, lightcoral, and thistle2) among the 13 enriched for DE genes were also enriched for candidate lncRNAs (Fig. The small ORF may translate into a 38-aa peptide. Knockdown of Ya gene expression via RNAi reduces aphid fecundity, whereas in planta expression of Ya1 as an lncRNA promotes aphid fecundity. 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