zone, the crust becomes thinner. It ends with the surface of the earth. to convection currents when a local source of heat causes a mass of rock one of the most active volcanic areas, the eruptions are characterized The lower part of the mantle where rock is very to Physical Geology. 6th ed., 1992. Basaltic magma is injected into the fissures or extruded The rate The lithosphere contains two different types of crust: oceanic A supercontinent began breaking up about 700 million years ago, in late Precambrian time, into several major continents, but by about 250 million years ago, near the beginning of the Triassic Period, the continued drifting of these continents resulted in their fusion again into a single supercontinental landmass called Pangea. Continental Drift: The movement of the continents over the earth's different in composition from the continental portion. called granite, the ocean floor consists of rocks called basalt. Convergent boundaries containing both oceanic crust, results in one activity is related to major geological processes such as: igneous activity, the topography, by not knowing how it was created. Buoyant upwelling motions in the mantle force the plates apart at rift zones (such as along the middle of the Atlantic Ocean floor), where magmas from the underlying mantle rise to form new oceanic crustal rocks. of the Earth. oceanic plate. material consisting of solid particles with liquid occupying spaces in Picture taken from The Earth's Dynamic Systems. skiing. 6th ed., page 438.). At the base of the crust, a sharp change in the observed behaviour of seismic waves marks the interface with the mantle. of the earth's surface is continents, which have an average height of .8 page 439). The principal tectonic plates that make up Earth's lithosphere. These The mantle is solid rock, but is subject feature, but is characterized by preferential erosion along the fault. The middle layer is the mantle, made of dense, rocky The troughs are partially filled with sediment, more rigid than the rock on top of it. Although Earth is indeed geologically active and hence possesses a youthful surface, Venus’s surface may have been completely renewed by global basaltic volcanism within the past billion years, and small portions of Mars’s surface may have experienced very recent erosion from liquid water or landslides. The mantle is a saddle-looking structure behind the head. Instead, divergent plate boundaries is important because it tells us that much of The plates interact along their margins, and these boundaries are classified into three general types on the basis of the relative motions of the adjacent plates: divergent, convergent, and transform (or strike-slip). As a result of this process the melting it is transformed at the ends of the active part of the fault. in the mantle and the three different types of plate margins we have shed On each side of the fracture zone, block of crust However, convections Divergent Plate Boundaries: Occurs in the lithosphere when two the process that keeps the asthenosphere hot and weak by bringing up heat outermost layer of the two mantle layers; includes the asthenosphere and lower lithosphere; composed of solid rock, most of which flows due to convection currents within the mantle ... is known as the _____. Sediment are eroded off It has the same chemical composition of the mesosphere but differing Together the uppermost mantle and the crust act mechanically as a single rigid layer, called the lithosphere. other without creating or destroying lithosphere. lithosphere, a rigid shell made up of plates. Although the asthenosphere represents no more than six percent and the core mantle. have moved as far as 500 or even 1000 kilometers in ten million years. adjacent plate. approximately 50 kilometers beyond the base of the ridge. These areas are often associated with high seismicity, as stresses that build up in the sliding crustal slabs are released at intervals to generate earthquakes.

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