The second consideration is that when we confront a given situation that requires action on our part, we are able mentally to explore alternative courses of action, thereby extending the field within which we can exercise our free will. Thresholds occur in the physical world as well; for example, water heats gradually, but at 100 °C boiling begins and the transition from liquid to gas starts suddenly. Feathers seem to have evolved first for conserving temperature, but were later co-opted in birds for flying. Aristotle and other philosophers of classical Greece and Rome, as well as many other philosophers throughout the centuries, held that humans hold moral values by nature. It's a set of beliefs that is unique to every individual, so it's as real as any personal preference or opinion. This seems likely to be the case, if indeed moral judgment would influence individuals to behave in ways that increase cooperation, or benefit the welfare of the social group in some way; for example, by reducing crime or protecting private property. The norms of morality, as they exist in any particular culture, are felt to be universal within that culture. If there is no God, objective morality and moral obligations don’t exist. This ability to establish the connection between means and their ends requires the ability to anticipate the future and to form mental images of realities not present or not yet in existence. It’s wonderful that Katherine Hepburn knew those things. ", "Get help Lou. We are by instinct moral creatures, or so it would seem. Thus, “smoking has become moralized … now treated as immoral … At the same time many behaviors have become amoralized, switched from moral failings to lifestyle choices. At least in the latter two, our priming against racism allows us to realize and correct for the error. What is the best life advice you could give anyone? A human is not only Homo sapiens, but also Homo moralis. 2. And how did the moral sense evolve? The ability to establish the connection between means and ends happens to be the fundamental intellectual capacity that has made possible the development of human culture and technology. For Darwin, the ethnographic diversity of moral customs and rules came about as an adaptive response to the environmental and historical conditions, unique in every different place, without necessarily implying that morality was an acquired, rather than natural, human trait. 1, p. 70). So long as these thoughts or desires are not transformed into actions, they will not be included in my use of “morality.” Actions that may be thought to be evil or sinful in some moral systems, such as masturbation or eating pork, will not be included either in my use of “morality,” so long as the actions have no consequences for others. What is the right amount for Donations and good will and Volunteering? My morals make that possible. Humans are notably different from the apes and all other animals in anatomy, but also and no less importantly in their functional capacities and behavior, both as individuals and socially. In a bird’s brain, the rule ‘Look after small squawking things in your nest, and drop food into their red gapes,’ typically has the effect of preserving the genes that built the rule, because the squawking, gaping objects in an adult bird’s nest are normally its own offspring. A 1.4-million-year-old handaxe made from hippopotamus bone expands the known technological repertoire of early human ancestors. Evil and bad, are simply words which culturally defined meaning, and such so is morality. If so, to what extent? 10, p. 4): “[W]e can take a person's moral beliefs to be the beliefs she has about how to live her life when she takes into account in a sympathetic way the impact of her life and decisions on others.” Altruism may be defined in a similar way as, for example, “unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others” (11). Altruistic behavior within an animal population would benefit the population itself, so that a population consisting of altruists would do better than a population consisting of selfish individuals.

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