People exposed to high levels may have an increased risk of kidney cancer or testicular cancer. Increased risk of high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia in pregnant women. Environ Res 154:145–151, Hu XDC, Dassuncao C, Zhang XM et al (2018) Can profiles of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) in human serum provide information on major exposure sources? Efforts are needed to develop systematic studies and to investigate the mechanisms of action of PFCs in order to fully understand their effects on humans and wildlife. Environ Int 89-90:62–70, Gebbink WA, Berger U, Cousins IT (2015) Estimating human exposure to pfos isomers and pfca homologues: the relative importance of direct and indirect (precursor) exposure [J]. Food Addit Contam 25(3):384–390, Yamashita N, Kannan K, Taniyasu S et al (2005) A global survey of perfluorinated acids in oceans [J]. J Hazard Mater 282:51–60, Sharma BM, Bharat GK, Tayal S et al (2016) Perfluoroalkyl substances (pfas) in river and ground/drinking water of the ganges river basin: emissions and implications for human exposure [J]. However, these studies are not consistent and may not have looked at other factors, such as smoking habits. To provide people, including the most sensitive populations, with a margin of protection from exposure to two specific PFAS chemicals (PFOA and PFOS) in drinking water, EPA established health advisory levels for both PFOA and PFOS at 70 parts per trillion (ppt). Environ Health Perspect 117(6):923–927, Raymer JH, Michael LC, Studabaker WB et al (2012) Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) and perfluorooctanoate (pfoa) and their associations with human semen quality measurements [J]. Potential Human Health Effects of Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs), Potential Human Health Effects of Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs) (UBC Bridge P…. Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are stain, water and grease repellent chemicals found in a wide range of consumer products. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registration, Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Your Health, https://​ntp.niehs.nih.gov/​ntp/​ohat/​pfoa_pfos/​pfoa_pfosmonograph_508.pdf, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Multi-site Study – Draft Protocol: Currently under OMB review, Information for Healthcare Providers – Exposure to PFAS and Pease Study, PFAS Exposure Assessment Technical Tools (PEATT), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Grandjean P, Heilmann C, Weihe P, et al. This amount is equal to one drop of ink in a backyard swimming pool. Small decreases in infant birth weights. These health effects include altered metabolism, 3 fertility, 4 reduced fetal growth and increased risk of being overweight or obese, 5 and reduced ability of the immune system to fight infections… NTP (National Toxicology Program). Not affiliated Chemosphere 220:866–882, Robel AE, Marshall K, Dickinson M et al (2017) Closing the mass balance on fluorine on papers and textiles [J]. Statement on Potential Intersection between PFAS Exposure and COVID-19: CDC/ATSDR understands that many of the communities we are engaged with are concerned about how PFAS exposure may affect their risk of COVID-19 infection. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 149:88–95, Paustenbach DJ, Panko JM, Scott PK et al (2007) A methodology for estimating human exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (pfoa): a retrospective exposure assessment of a community (1951-2003) [J]. But he warned that these two are ‘just the tip of the iceberg’. In the event that a person is exposed to PFAS chemicals, there are a variety of factors that influence the potential for health effects. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) include a large group of anthropogenic fluorinated organic substances. Occupationally-exposed workers may have increased risk of prostate and bladder cancer. The research conducted to date reveals possible links between human exposures to PFAS and adverse health outcomes. J Phys Chem B 116(33):9999–10007, Chengelis CP, Kirkpatrick JB, Radovsky A et al (2009) A 90-day repeated dose oral (gavage) toxicity study of perfluorohexanoic acid (pfhxa) in rats (with functional observational battery and motor activity determinations) [J]. This amount is equal to one drop of ink in a backyard swimming pool. Environ Sci Technol 43(15):5565–5575, Haug LS, Huber S, Becher G et al (2011) Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds - comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure [J]. In other words, if the levels of PFOA and PFOS added together exceed 70 ppt, action should be taken to reduce exposure. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2(4):95–99, Xiao X, Ulrich BA, Chen B et al (2017) Sorption of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) relevant to aqueous film-forming foam (afff)-impacted groundwater by biochars and activated carbon [J]. When both of these substances are found in drinking water, the combined levels should be compared with the health advisory level of 70 ppt. A large number of studies have examined possible relationships between levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in blood and harmful health effects in people. These actions could be taken at a water company by changing how different sources of water are blended or by the consumer by using bottled or water treated by a reverse osmosis system installed under the sink for drinking, cooking foods where water is absorbed or consumed (like rice and soup), and preparing baby formula. Keywords: Perfluorinated compounds, persistent organic pollutant, sources, health effects, PFOA, PFOS J Occup Environ Med 40(7):614–622, Toft G, Jonsson BA, Lindh CH et al (2012) Exposure to perfluorinated compounds and human semen quality in arctic and european populations [J]. Cause liver damage or changes in liver function. One part per trillion = 1 ng/L (nanogram per liter) Decrease how well the body responds to vaccines. Environ Int 74:160–169, Egeghy PP, Lorber M (2011) An assessment of the exposure of americans to perfluorooctane sulfonate: a comparison of estimated intake with values inferred from nhanes data [J]. People exposed to high levels may have an increased risk of kidney cancer or testicular cancer. There is evidence from human and animal studies that PFAS exposure may reduce antibody responses to vaccines (Grandjean et al., 2017, Looker et al., 2014), and may reduce infectious disease resistance (NTP, 2016). This amount is equal to one drop of detergent in enough dishwater to fill a string of railroad tank cars ten miles long. Some results are inconsistent across studies and further work is needed to confirm these initial findings. These factors include the levels that person was exposed to, the length of exposure, and personal factors such as age, lifestyle, and overall health. The structure and physicochemical properties of PFCs can greatly affect their environmental behaviors and the safety of emerging perfluorobutane sulfonates (PFBS) and other substances cannot be ignored. To provide people, including the most sensitive populations, with a margin of protection from exposure to two specific PFAS chemicals (PFOA and PFOS) in drinking water, EPA established health advisory levels for both PFOA and PFOS at 70 parts per trillion (ppt). Many other PFCs and precursors remain in commercial use worldwide. One part per billion = 1 ug/L (microgram per liter) x���wTS��Ͻ7�P����khRH �H�. Scientists are actively studying the health impacts of exposure to PFAS chemicals at levels and mixtures similar to those seen in Colorado. %PDF-1.7 Research suggests that high levels of certain PFAS chemicals, including PFOA and PFOS may: Studies do not clearly show whether PFAS chemicals cause cancer in people. Mar Pollut Bull 51(8–12):658–668, Scott BF, Macdonald RW, Kannan K et al (2005) Trifluoroacetate profiles in the arctic, Atlantic, and pacific oceans [J]. Few human health studies of PFCs have been conducted in the general population. PFCs have been linked to many health effects in animal studies, but often at higher exposure levels than are found in people. Animal studies In animals, PFCs have been linked to a wide range of health effects, including liver toxicity (e.g., enlarged livers35, 36 and liver cancer37), increased neonatal and adult mortality,35, 36 decreased body weight,35, 36 developmental delays,36 behavioural changes… Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program. It is possible that the other PFAS chemicals may have health impacts similar to PFOA and PFOS. These factors include the levels that person was exposed to, the length of exposure, and personal factors such as age, lifestyle, and overall health. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the sources and trends of human exposure to... Perfluorinated Compound Exposure and Health Effects in Humans | SpringerLink

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