In: Ru B le, Iziquel Y, Kiyindou A, Biassangama A, Fabres G, Nenon JP, eds. 3. Though this form of biological control has its roots in traditional practices such as companion planting and other types of polyculture, it is only in recent decades that it has been rigorously researched. Comparison of the biotic potential of two coccinellids (Exochomus flaviventris and Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentotta, Col. Coccinellidae), predators of Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Because the effects on the parasitoid were related to the levels of plant resistance to the host, the latter authors suggested that secondary plant chemicals within the host may have been responsible. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. EPPO, 2020. The successful importation and establishment of A. lopezi gave further impetus to the biological control program at IITA, and additional species of parasitoids and predators are being released experimentally with various degrees of success (IITA, 1987b; Herren, 1996). They also distort the stems, dry up the leaves, and eventually, if the attack is particularly severe, cause considerable defoliation. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 22(1):35-44, Boussienguet J, Neuenschwander P, Herren HR, 1991. Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. Among striking successes are the use of the South American cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, against pest prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) Such introductions of insects for control of introduced weeds have occasionally led to threats to nontarget native species. [4] Mealybugs are noted for the production of dermal wax secretions. Related and other issues that specific models can address in classical biological control include: (1) whether a specific exotic agent will establish in a new location; (2) what number of individuals should be released per site; (3) what level of control a specific exotic agent will exert over a target; and (4) understanding why a release has failed. Between 1977 and 1981, the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC), in collaboration with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), surveyed the tropical areas of central and northern South America and found that the parasitoids Aenasius vexans Kerrich, Apoanagyrus diversicornis (Howard), and Anagyrus spp. In so doing, we highlight areas that need further research attention and conclude by examining the likely future outlook for virus disease management in cassava. (Nouvelle contribution a l'étude des cochenilles de l'Amazonie Brésilienne (Homoptera: Coccoidea).). It was brought to Africa to help control the accidentally introduced P. manihoti (Staubli-Dreyer et al., 1997). Tolerance of different host-plants to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). The role of kairomones in prey finding in the coccinellids Diomus sp. First record of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), from Zimbabwe. Seasonal changes of secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava in relation to fertilization and to infestation by the cassava mealybug. EPPO Global database. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 67(3-4):297-308, Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Alphen JJMvan, 1993. Interactions between the endophagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and its host, Phenacoccus manihoti. The biology of Hyperaspis jucunda (Col.: Coccinellidae) an exotic predator of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Phenacoccus manihoti is a scale insect species. ScaleNet, Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Since the weed was increasingly resistant to reductions in density as its numbers declined (i.e., a density-dependent response), the new population equilibrium remained above the EIL that applied to the weed’s impact on forage production. Within a few years after these first reports, the insect became the major cassava pest and spread rapidly through most of the African cassava belt. These biological control approaches are not, however, without risk, and modeling has also been used to address this issue. Birandano B, 1986. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):857-859, Norgaard RB, 1988. Most notable among these are the virus diseases. Bulletin Agricole du Rwanda, Juillet 1986, Bird TJ, 1987. seemed to be specific to the cassava mealybug in Brazil, French Guiana, and Guyana (Cox & Williams, 1981). ©Georg Goergen/International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)/Insect Museum, Cotonou, Benin. 24 (1), 77-87. : Pseudococcidae) five years after the introduction of the Neotropical parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym. Zootaxa, 4772(1), 191-194. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.8, Sylvestre P, 1973. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 38(2):171-175, Lohr B, Neuenschwander P, Varela AM, Santos B, 1988. 4). Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 57-69, Matile-Ferrero D, 1977. Furthermore, according to Herren and Neuenschwander (1991), despite the considerable positive impact of the cassava mealybug biological control campaign as demonstrated by field evaluations, professional and lay perceptions of this impact have varied greatly from one country to another. Biology of Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), a hyperparasitoid on melaybugs (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae): immature morphology, host acceptance and host range in West Africa. Herbivory by introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has caused enormous damage on islands worldwide. Work by Gutierrez and co-workers focused on the parasitic wasps released into Africa in classical biological control attempts to control the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr.). Reitz and Trumble (1997) reported increased mortality of the parasite Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) when reared on Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) fed three furanocoumarins, secondary plant metabolites extracted from Apium spp. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Mortality of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Lema, K. M. & Herren, H. R. 1985. Although the plant is a perennial shrub reproducing vegetatively, cassava roots may be harvested 7–18 months after planting. 2000. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, 147-155, Neuenschwander P, Hammond WNO, 1988. Entomophaga, 31(1):79-89, Ru BLe, Silvie P, Papierok B, 1985. Gurr, in Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2008. In this chapter, we examine the biology and epidemiology of the most important groups of viruses infecting cassava in the world, and review control tactics and disease management strategies. The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key. Andover, UK; Intercept Limited, 686 pp, Ben-Dov Y, German V, 2003. : Pseudococcidae). Bioécologie de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti Hom. Chinese grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) have been introduced to Europe, Africa, and North America to control aquatic plants. Phenacoccus manihoti is a scale insect species. Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zaire. In: Yaninek JS, Herren HR, eds. Entomophaga, 41(3/4):405-424; 5 pp. The types of question that specific biological control models address differs to a large extent across the forms of biological control used (see Table 1). The introduction of A. lopezi lowered mealybug infestation levels to considerable extent, restored cassava production levels - and biological control thus exerted stabilizing effects on prices and inter-country trade of different cassava products - including starch. 22 (1), 35-44. According to Bellotti et al. A cage experiment with four trophic levels: cassava plant growth as influenced by cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, its parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, and the hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus insolitus and Chartocerus hyalipennis. Wyckhuys, K.A., Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E. Insect Science and its Application, 8(4-6):851-856, Schulthess F, Neuenschwander P, Gounou S, 1997. [5] The body is covered with wax producing pores which have been well studied but the function of wax to particular species is based on speculation.

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