Lenin settled again in Switzerland, where he spent the initial years of World War I (1914-1918). Vladimir Lenin was born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov in 1870 into a middle-class family in Ulyanovsk, Russia. Andreyeva, and used this as a vehicle to discuss issues facing the RSDLP. The first issue was printed on Christmas Eve, and contained an article written by Vladimir decrying European intervention in the Boxer Rebellion. [38], In March 1902, the Organisational Committee for Congress had been set up, devoted to planning the 2nd RSDLP Congress, which was to be held in Brussels, Belgium in July. Krupskaya served as Lenin’s personal secretary and played a key organizational role in the socialist revolutionary group that became the Russian Communist Party. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Lenin - … Not only in the scholarly circles of the former Soviet Union but even among many non-Communist scholars, he has been regarded as both the greatest revolutionary leader and revolutionary statesman in history, as well as the greatest revolutionary thinker since Marx. Lenin held the highest post in the Soviet government until his death in 1924, when Joseph Stalin assumed power. Lenin held the highest post in the Soviet government until his death in 1924, when Joseph Stalin assumed power. [12] Proceeding to Paris, France, Vladimir met Paul Lafargue and researched the Paris Commune of 1871, which he saw as an early prototype for a proletarian government. He changed his opinion when Tsar Nicholas II accepted a series of liberal reforms in his October Manifesto, with Lenin believing that these would protect him from the Okhrana. As part of this program, which came to be known as War Communism, the government began forcibly seizing grain and other food products from the peasantry in order to increase the supply of food to army troops and workers in the cities. [87], Lenin was back in Galicia when the First World War broke out, an international situation that he had paid little attention to. Initial attempts to publish the work were stalled, and it would not see publication until September 1917. The government also introduced a series of economic policies in an effort to put socialist principles into practice and to respond to Russia's pressing economic needs. https://www.history.com/topics/russia/vladimir-lenin. [122] Concerned about being discovered, they soon left the house for a rural thatchet hut, where they were plagued by mosquitos and torrential rain. Lenin died on January 21, 1924, in Gorki Leninskiye near Moscow. The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party, making Lenin leader of the Soviet Union, the world’s first communist state. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. ...read more, Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. became public only after Lenin’s death in January 1924. At this conference, Lenin formally broke from his Menshevik opponents and the rest of the RSDLP to form an independent Bolshevik Party. Strikes over food shortages in March had forced the abdication of the inept Czar Nicholas II, ending centuries of imperial rule. The coup petered out before it reached Petrograd thanks to the industrial action of the Petrograd workers and the soldiers' increasing unwillingness to obey their officers, however the events' primary beneficiers had been the Bolsheviks, whose return to the open political arena it permitted. Lenin received his law degree in 1892. At the Tenth Congress of the Russian Communist Party, held in March, Lenin introduced a policy of economic liberalization known as the New Economic Policy (NEP). [41] The Congress resulted in the adoption of a fixed party programme and rule, but had also resulted in a major schism. He soon was arrested for engaging in Marxist activities and exiled to Siberia. Wiki User Answered . He was 53 years old. In autumn 1887 Lenin enrolled in the faculty of law of the imperial Kazan University (later renamed Kazan [V.I. Soldiers returning from the First World War learned that private land had been seized, jobs were non-existent and farmers were growing just enough food to feed their families. [124] The book also represented an attack on other Marxist and far left groups which did not share his embrace of violence as the primary means of achieving proletarian revolution, an attitude that he blamed on the influence of Kautsky. [108] The group then traveled by train from Zurich to Gottmadingen, and then to Sassnitz, followed by a ferry to Trelleborg in Sweden. By fall of 1917, Russians had become even more war weary. All rights reserved. Russia came under the command of a Provisional Government, which opposed violent social reform and continued Russian involvement in World War I. Lenin began plotting an overthrow of the Provisional Government. This was not an uncommon phenomenon in tsarist Russia, where even the highly educated and cultured intelligentsia were denied elementary civil and political rights. It is possible that Lenin was aware of Malinowsky's allegiance, and used him to feed false information to the Okhrana, and many Bolsheviks had expressed their suspicions that he was a spy to Lenin. [74] Increasing numbers of Bolsheviks, including close Lenin supporters Alexei Rykov and Lev Kamenev, were becoming angry with Lenin's factionalism. The Bolsheviks also commandeered telegraph offices and equipment. [39] At the conference, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Martov. By the end of the second day, the minimally violent coup ended with the Bolsheviks in control of Russia. [28], Vladimir adopted the nom de guerre of "Lenin" in December 1901, possibly taking the River Lena as a basis, thereby imitating the manner in which Plekhanov had adopted the pseudonym of "Volgin" after the River Volga. Lenin's embalmed body is displayed in Moscow's Red Square. The Bolsheviks' armed demonstration – the July Days – took place while Lenin was away, but upon learning that it had turned violent and clashed with government forces he returned to Petrograd. Two months into the Civil War, Lenin launched the Red Terror. He recovered and resumed work three months later, but then in December he suffered a second stroke and it became apparent that his health was in serious decline. At this meeting, Lenin and his colleagues debated the issue of party organization and membership. Soon after the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin established the Cheka, Russia’s first secret police. His wife, who had not served the entirety of her sentence, remained in exile in Ufa, where she fell ill.[26] Intent on founding a newspaper, Vladimir and Struve raised money for the publication of Iskra (The Spark), a new organ of the Russian Marxist movement, now calling itself the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). [62] Members of both groups met at the 4th Party Congress in Stockholm, Sweden in April 1906 where the Mensheviks condemned Lenin for supporting bank robberies and encouraging violence.

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