However, his line would produce seven mansas who reigned during the height of Mali's power and toward the beginning of its decline. Longman, 1995. Wagadou's control over Manden came to a halt after internal instability lead to its decline. According to Burkinabé writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo, the farther a person travelled from Niani, the more decentralised the mansa's power became. Imperial armies secured the gold-bearing lands of Bondu and Bambuk to the south, subdued the Diara in the northwest, and pushed along the Niger as far north as Lac Débo. [91] Alvise Cadamosto, a Venetian explorer, recorded that the Mali Empire was the most powerful entity on the coast in 1454. Contemporary sources claim 60 copper bars traded for 100 dinars of gold. [41] Emperor Bonga did not appear to hold the area, and it stayed within the Mali Empire after Maghan Keita III's death in 1400. In his attempt to justify the importance of the Keita and their civilisation in early Arabic literatures, Adelabu, the head of Awqaf Africa in London, coined the Arabic derivatives ك – و – ي K(a)-W(e)-Y(a) of the word Keita which in (in what he called) Arabicised Mandingo language Allah(u) Ka(w)eia meaning "Allah Creates All" as a favourable motto of reflection for Bilal Ibn Rabah, one of the most trusted and loyal Sahabah (companions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, whom he described (quoting William Muir's book The Life of Muhammad) as 'a tall, dark, and with African feature and bushy hair'[22] pious man who overcame slavery, racism and socio-political obstacles in Arabia to achieve a lofty status in this world and in the Hereafter. In 1324, Musa undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca during which he spent and gave away all of his gold. It wasn't long before the new kingdom of Great Fulo was warring against Mali's remaining provinces. [28] He continued the non-militant style of rule that characterised Gao and Mohammed ibn Gao Keita but was interested in the empire's western sea. During this period only the Mongol Empire was larger. Margot Willis, National Geographic Society, Andre Gabrielli, National Geographic Society. The next notable mansa, Mahmud IV, doesn't appear in any records until the end of the 16th century. This led to inflation throughout the kingdom. As a result of these issues a civil war erupted upon the Kingdom which further incapacitated old Mali. Protected by a well-trained, imperial army and benefiting from being in the middle of trade routes, Mali expanded its territory, influence , and culture over the … After the reigns of three more emperors, Musa Keita became emperor in c. 1312. Aside from gold Mali traded many other lavish resources and its riches were spoke of widely, along with encouraging Islam across Africa. The last mansa to rule from Niani is Mansa Mahmud Keita III, also known as Mansa Mamadou Keita II. The first ruler from the Laye lineage was Kankan Musa Keita (or Moussa), also known as Mansa Musa. The Malinke inhabitants of Kangaba acted as middlemen in the gold trade during the later period of ancient Ghana. As a result, stories of the wealth of the Mali king spread far and wide. [9] Following this period, a period of weak emperors, conflicts and disunity began in Mali. Islamic studies flourished thereafter. Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation of the substance, since it was so prominent in the region. [59], The Mali Empire maintained a semi-professional, full-time army in order to defend its borders. By 1350, the empire covered approximately 478,819 square miles (1,240,140 km2). The Mali Empire was incredibly strong and successful due to its solid political structure. He extended the eastern boundaries of his empire as far as the Hausa people, and to the west he invaded Takrur and the lands of the Fulani and Tukulor peoples. Mansa Sandaki Keita, a descendant of kankoro-sigui Mari Djata Keita, deposed Maghan Keita II, becoming the first person without any Keita dynastic relation to officially rule Mali. The Twelve Doors of Mali were a coalition of conquered or allied territories, mostly within Manden, with sworn allegiance to Sundiata and his descendants. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... An illustrated map from the 1300s showing Mūsā (lower right), emperor of Mali, seated on his throne. What separates these rulers from the founder, other than the latter's historic role in establishing the state, is their transformation of the Manden Kurufaba into a Manden Empire. The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions.[42].

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