Polunov, A. Iu. [26] They banned Jews from inhabiting rural areas and shtetls (even within the Pale of Settlement) and restricted the occupations in which they could engage.[27][28]. Alexander III, Russian in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, (born March 10 [February 26, Old Style], 1845, St. Petersburg, Russiadied November 1 [October 20, Old Style], 1894, Livadiya, Crimea), emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. Alexander III was not a popular ruler and several assassination attempts were made on his life. He was born during the reign of his grandfather Nicholas I. "[49], Each summer his parents-in-law, King Christian IX and Queen Louise, held family reunions at the Danish royal palaces of Fredensborg and Bernstorff, bringing Alexander, Maria and their children to Denmark. When he became tsar, he reflected that no one had such an impact on my life as my dear brother and friend Nixa [Nicholas]"[9] and lamented that "a terrible responsibility fell on my shoulders" when Nicholas died. As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev, then a professor of civil law at Moscow State University and later (from 1880) chief procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in Russia. Alexander III of Russia is most famous for his role in the Russo-Japanese War, which was a war between Russia and Japan. "[53] This tension was reflected in the rivalry between Maria Feodorovna and Vladimir's wife, Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna.[54]. Alexander was concerned that his heir-apparent, Nicholas, was too gentle and naive to become an effective Emperor. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [8], The Tsesarevich could refer to these results as confirmation of the views he had expressed during the Franco-Prussian War; he concluded that for Russia, the best thing was to recover as quickly as possible from her temporary exhaustion, and prepare for future contingencies by military and naval reorganization. The Industrial Revolution had finally come to Russia and capitalism was taking root. Alexander III of Russia is best remembered as a man of peace. His reign is often referred to as the Age of Counter Reform. Maximize your time in St. Petersburg with tours expertly tailored to your interests. On March 13 (March 1, Old Style), 1881, Alexander II was assassinated, and the following day autocratic power passed to his son. The best doctors of the time were called to help, but none were able to save the dying Emperor. His only accomplishment being to strengthen his autocratic rule at the expense of the working class and peasantry. (editor, 1967) ". The reign of Alexander III began with the assassination of Alexander II in March 1881. When she nursed him in his final illness, Alexander told Dagmar, "Even before my death, I have got to known an angel. After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, his son became successor and was now Alexander III Emperor of Russia, and was viewed as being more radical than his father had been. In later years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid. His father, the Tsar Liberator, had freed the serfs, predating Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation by two years. Native American Ancestry - Am I descended from Pochahontas. Biography Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. He had long viewed the reforms of the mid-19th century as too liberal and permissive. Need tickets for the Mariinsky, the Hermitage, a football game or any event? His older brother, Nicholas, was the heir apparent, and Alexander, in the family tradition, was groomed for a military career. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. He was born as Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, to Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). Awards of Alexander III Of Russia, birthday, children and many other facts. Being the second son, it was believed that he had little prospect of succeeding the throne. Alexander II was mortally wounded and died shortly thereafter. This event would solidify the reactionary tone of his 13-year reign. Early life and education of Alexander III, Ascent to the throne and Russification program, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-III-emperor-of-Russia, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Alexander III, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander III, History Learning Site - Biography of Alexander III, Alexander III - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander III - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). History tends to view Alexander III as a brutish despot. All of Alexander III's internal reforms aimed to reverse the liberalization that had occurred in his father's reign. "[40] When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you. Because of his love for maintaining peaceful foreign relations, he earned the moniker, "The Peacemaker". As a result, Alexander relocated his family to the Gatchina Palace, located 30 kilometres (20mi) south of St. Petersburg. Born as the second son of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia, it was unlikely that he would succeed his father as the emperor. On the very day of his death he signed an ukaz creating a number of consultative commissions that might have been transformed eventually into a representative assembly. - Alexander III, the Russian Revolution. [31] Girs was usually successful in restraining the aggressive inclinations of Tsar Alexander convincing him that the very survival of the Tsarist system depended on avoiding major wars. At the same time, Russia gradually annexed the territory of Turkmenistan and increased its presence in the Far East, where Japan's active policies were causing the country great concern. Their first child, Nicholas, was born in 1868 and would be the last Tsar of Russia. His simplicity was also evident in his choice of living quarters. He received only the perfunctory training given to grand dukes of that period, which did not go much beyond primary and secondary instruction, acquaintance with French, English, and German, and military drill. Dagmar was so delighted by the First Hen egg that Alexander gave her an egg every year as an Easter tradition. He married Dagmar of Denmark (1847-1928) 9 November 1866 . [8] Alexander's parents encouraged the match. These laws encouraged open anti-Jewish sentiment and dozens of pogroms across the western part of the empire. My dad's Sullivan family ancestors were descendants of the famous Powhatan "princess". 1871), Xenia (b. Nonetheless, in 1892 and 1893, many agricultural areas across the country were hit with famine. After her conversion to Orthodoxy, she took the name of Marie Fedorovna. In 1865, Nicolas died suddenly and Alexander became heir apparent (as Tsarevich). At the beginning of 1894 Alexander III was 49 years old. During his childhood, Alexander was tutored by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, whose lessons instilled him the young prince with both religious piety and political conservatism. An inscription says "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy", although historians dispute whether the Tsar actually said those words. For more information, visit our FAQ page or Terms of Use. Height: in centimeters - N/A: Weight: in kg - N/A: Eye Color: N/A: Hair Color: N/A: Blood Type: N/A: Tattoo(s) N/A: Alexander III of Russia. With the death of his brother, Alexander inherited more than just the title of Tsarevich. To this disappointment, moreover, Bismarck shortly afterward added the German alliance with Austria for the express purpose of counteracting Russian designs in eastern Europe. It was believed that he had, barring assassination, many years left to his reign. [37], Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the Winter Palace. Even the famed clergyman John of Kronstadt paid a visit and administered Communion to the Tsar. Russia's economy was still challenged by the Russian-Turkish war of 18771878, which created a deficit, so he imposed customs duties on imported goods. ", Etty, John. He ascended the throne March 14, 1881, the day after the assassination of his father, Alexander II. Polunov, A. Iu. Alexander was determined to strengthen autocratic rule as a God given right. Alexander became tsesarevich upon Nicholas's sudden death in 1865. The most dramatic success came in 1885, settling long-standing tensions with Great Britain, which was fearful that Russian expansion to the south would be a threat to India. ", Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19, Alexander Mikhailovich, Once a Grand Duke, p. 65, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.29, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459, Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54, John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 121, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.128, Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. Dismayed to learn that Prince Wittgenstein had proposed to her in early 1866, he told his parents that he was prepared to give up his rights of succession in order to marry his beloved "Dusenka". Get around in comfort with a chauffeured car or van to suit your budget and requirements. For Alexander's role in forging the Franco-Russian Alliance, the French Republic commissioned a bridge named in his honour, Pont Alexandre III. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russian, is Former Emperor of All Russia. [citation needed] These sentiments would resurface during 18751879, when the Eastern question excited Russian society. When Alexander III came to the throne in 1881, Russia had already faced financial reforms, a public budget, a new motion of judicial independence and trial by jury . He tightened censorship of the press and sent thousands of revolutionaries to Siberia. Their marriage was a happy one with no known infidelity. In 1894, Alexander III became ill with terminal kidney disease (nephritis). He told Dagmar that "only with [our children] can I relax mentally, enjoy them and rejoice, looking at them. Alexanders decision-making was supported by his old tutor Pobedonoststev, who continued to provide him with advice during his reign. "[42] He died in Dagmar's arms, and his daughter Olga noted that "my mother still held him in her arms" long after he died.[43]. In spite of all his shortcomings, Russia fought no major wars during his reign and thus he was dubbed "The Peacemaker". The guardian angel flew away and everything turned to ashes, finally culminating in the dreadful incomprehensible 1 March. [11], Alexander resented his father for having a long-standing relationship with Catherine Dolgorukov (with whom he had several illegitimate children) while his mother, the Empress, was suffering from chronic ill-health. At the moment of the crash, the imperial family was in the dining car. He wanted to create a nation that was composed of a single nationality, language, and religion, as well as one form of administration. [4], Alexander was extremely strong. Though indignant at the conduct of Bismarck toward Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germany and even revived for a time the Alliance of the Three Emperors between the rulers of Germany, Russia, and Austria. Biography. These included Alexander II's blood-soaked uniform that he died wearing, and his reading glasses. 20 October] 1894. At a restaurant, Grand Duke Vladimir had a brawl with the French actor Lucien Guitry when the latter kissed his wife, Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Alexander III. But what he lacked in style he more than made up for in his conviction of his position, his love for his country, and an understanding of the importance he could play in shaping his country's future. "Konstantin Petrovich PobedonostsevMan and Politician". In October 1866 Alexander married the Danish Princess Dagmar. This Russian Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia between 1891 and 1927. He proved himself to be an autocratic ruler who prided himself on being a true Russian patriot. [64][65] Alexander III is believed to be one of Putin's admired historic leaders, along with Joseph Stalin. [citation needed] Girs was in charge of a diplomacy that featured numerous negotiated settlements, treaties and conventions. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. [18][19][20][21], Alexander III disliked the extravagance of the rest of his family. While his brother Nicolasthe tsarevich or heir apparentwas groomed to be the future king, Alexander only received the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. During his years as heir apparentfrom 1865 to 1881Alexander let it be known that certain of his ideas did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. In the last years of his reign, Alexander II had been much disturbed by the spread of nihilist conspiracies. He was born as Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, to Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). 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