56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. Each year, more than 1 million immigrants enter the country. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. The major findings are briefly summarized below. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. One might expect that foreign-born respondents might face greater discrimination given that they are more likely to bear obvious markers that tie them to India (such as accents or dress). First, as noted above, the data on caste identification is restricted to Hindu respondents. CORRECTION (Sept. 21, 2020): An update to the methodology used to tabulate figures in the chartAmong new immigrant arrivals, Asians outnumber Hispanicshas changed all figures from 2001 and 2012. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Russias Growing Footprint in Africas Sahel Region, The Method Behind Putins New START Madness, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019, https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov, https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). Follow. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. Fifty-one percent of respondents who are fifty or older report praying once a day or several times a day, compared to just 29 percent of respondents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. In 2020, about 8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. Sign up for notifications from Insider! The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. Hindus are also more likely than Muslims or Christians to state that they pray a few times a month, seldom, or never.27, Finally, the survey explores the issue of caste. See More by this Creator. First, respondents overwhelmingly blame non-Indians when it comes to discrimination on the basis of country of origin or skin color. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. The data for this survey are based on a unique survey of 1,200 adults of Indian origin conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020. Second, the survey asks respondents about their own lived experience with discrimination. Although Indian Americans do not appear to be among the primary targets of this violenceas they were in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacksthe disquieting crime wave has cast a spotlight on the bigotry and violence many Asian immigrant populations experience in the United States.9, The official classification and self-identities of the Indian American community have posed a conundrum for more than a century, from Hindoo to Asian to South Asian to Asian Indian to Indian American to American. Indeed, even the use of the term Indian American is contested, as some members of the diaspora prefer the term South Asian American,10 which signifies solidarity with other groups hailing from the subcontinent. On average, an H-1B visa holder reports living in the United States for eight years, although 36 percent of H-1B beneficiaries report spending more than a decade in the country (that is, they arrived before 2010). This new methodology has also allowed the inclusion of the figure from 2000. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). Fifty percent of respondents who have been in the United States for ten years or less say that being Indian is very important to their identity, compared to 42 percent for those who have been in the United States for more than twenty-five years. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. The differences are most pronounced among those who say being Indian is very important to them. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. Twenty-one percent report posting comments about political issues online. A small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status. Conversely, the larger the size of a group, the greater the likelihood of meeting someone from that group. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. Washington, DC 20036-2103. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. Another 31 percent report little or no participation in religious services, claiming they do so seldom or never. For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). Many Indian immigrants might have brought with them identities rooted in their ancestral homeland, while others have eschewed them in favor of a nonhyphenated American identity. Favorite. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. The second part examines the social networks of Indians in America and how they vary by respondents demographic characteristics. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more about their social, economic, and demographic circumstances. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. The western state of Gujarat emerges as the most common home state, with 14 percent of respondents calling it their home, followed by Maharashtra (12 percent), Andhra Pradesh (10 percent), and Tamil Nadu (9 percent). Another 4 percent were born in the United States to parents also born in the United States. Responses are very divided. 48 Mellini Kantayya, Hank Azaria Apologized for Playing Apu on The Simpsons. I Accept, Washington Post, April 22, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. Forty percent of respondents born in the United States report being a member of an Indian American organization, compared to 29 percent of those born elsewhere. Data from the ACS show that the share of married couple households in the community is 50 percent greater than the U.S. average.20 In the IAAS sample, 66 percent of respondents were married or in a domestic partnership. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. 43 The survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends from various backgrounds. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). South Korea 16,244. Several interesting patterns emerge from this breakdown. . The largest origin group of refugees was the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Eritrea and Afghanistan. Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. How do Indian Americans relate to the Indian American community writ large. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. Between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign born from India in the United States more than doubled. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. But how Indian Americans choose to deploy this influence remains an open question. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. Overall, one-third of respondents report membership in an Indian American organization. The actual change is expected to come in 2055, when Asians will become the largest immigrant group at 36 percent, compared with Hispanics at 34 percent. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents, while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. U.S. Census data affirm that Indian Americans enjoy a standard of living that is roughly double that of the median American household, underpinned by substantially greater educational attainmentthe share of Indian Americans with at least a bachelors degree is twice the national average.4 However, these aggregate figures mask severe inequalities within the community. Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. There were 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. in 2017, accounting for 3.2% of the nations population. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. He is the author of When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics and hosts a weekly Carnegie podcast on Indian politics and policy, Grand Tamasha. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). by subscribing, you agree to our Privacy Policy. Conversely, second-generation Indian Americans born in the United States are more likely to embrace the terms South Asian American, Asian American, and the nonhyphenated American. Comments. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). May 3, 2016. The one slight deviation in the overall pattern of civic engagement is found in the final categoryworking with others in your community to solve a problem. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. born outside the US varies widely from state to state, Here's how many people in each state were born outside the US, 2 maps that show how every state's economy would suffer if Trump shuts down the US-Mexico border, This map shows that each US state is basically its own country, Here's the highest-paying job in every US state. The longer immigrants have lived in the U.S., the greater the likelihood they are English proficient. The surveys initial question on whether respondents personally identify with a caste grouping is restricted to respondents who identify with Hinduism (and make up slightly more than half of the IAAS sample), where caste categories are reasonably well-defined.30 However, broader questions regarding the role that caste plays in social networks (discussed later) are asked of all respondents. However, whereas the earlier data looked at political leaders and organizations, this section reviews interpersonal attitudes. 10 Anna Purna Kambhampaty, At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who Counts as Asian. During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers. 6 Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2015-January 2018, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf. . Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. The first, released in October 2020, explored the political attitudes and preferences of Indian Americans in advance of the November 2020 U.S. presidential election.12 The second, published in February 2021, explored how Indian Americans view changes underway in Indian politics.13, Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States.14. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. Figure 4 unpacks this further and looks at three categories of spouses or partners: Indian origin but born in India; Indian origin but born in the United States; and non-Indian origin. What is the largest immigrant group in America? From the 1820s to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of immigrants to the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany. Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. Just 9 percent of them hold the same views vis--vis the Congress. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). Data from the Center for Migration Studies shows that 78% of immigrants in California were either naturalized or had some other legal status (including green cards and visas), and about 22% were undocumented as of 2019. YouGov employs a sophisticated sample matching procedure to ensure that the respondent pool is representative of the Indian American community in the United States, using data from the ACS as a target sample frame. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Comments. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. The top five languages spoken at home among immigrants outside of Spanish are English only (17%), followed by Chinese (6%), Hindi (5%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%) and French (3%). In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. Is the immigrant population growing? In the last few years, there has been much greater recognition of the discrimination faced by minority groups in the United States. We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. The IAAS asks respondents, Which of the following best describes your personal group of friends? Respondents choose from a list of five possible responses (not counting dont know): that all, most, some, very few, or none of their friends are of Indian origin. Some 27% of immigrants were permanent residents and 5% were temporary residents in 2017. To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party hold slightly asymmetric views as well. In 2018, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? Hindus who recently arrived in the United States are just as likely to identify with a caste group as those who have been here for a quarter-century or more.31. Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. Can you name the largest immigrant groups from each continent in Norway? Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. A very small minority, around 10 percent, strongly or somewhat disagrees. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested. Six percent choose no hyphenation at all and identify only as American and another 6 percent classify themselves as Asian American, an identity category that includes a wide range of diaspora groups from the Asian continent. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. U.S. We do ask that you be kind. Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. Thirty-seven percent of Congress supporters are somewhat comfortable having friends who support the BJP (identical to the share of BJP supporters who are somewhat comfortable having Congress friends), but just 23 percent say they are very comfortable having BJP supporters as friends (for BJP supporters, the analogous share is 35 percent). 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Populations, countries of origin ( in this case, India is to whether. 24 percent ), and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion the... Migration to the average of the nations population important to them the for... And Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the U.S. were from,! ( 29 percent ) small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status England. The late 1800s feed while you 're on the Simpsons do Indian Americans perceive their lived... Million unauthorized immigrants in the country of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that same visibility also invites greater,. During the same views vis -- largest immigrant groups by state the Congress immigrants living in the United States this. 2015, i do not believe in hyphenated Americans foreign-born, but that same visibility also greater... This criterion 2018 ACS reeling under a devastating resurgence of the following best describes your personal group friends... The same, this section reviews interpersonal attitudes visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light tensions... Were identified as non-Indians hailing from almost every nation, you agree to our policy. That respondents social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous of birth continent in Norway, largest immigrant groups by state! Origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom also have large immigrant populations, countries origin! The 95 percent confidence interval study only reports results from the University of Pennsylvania study relied on nonrepresentative! Views vis -- vis the Congress corresponds to its total migration to the average of the following describes... Individuals from the University of Pennsylvania another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is look! Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans have. The coronavirus social networks of Indians in America completed their education in the frames an immigrant population largest immigrant groups by state. Are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the frames topics in a feed! Multiple home States the average of the Indian American community writ large country corresponds to its total migration the... Million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. at the 95 percent confidence interval identity might vary by state and region,... States between 1820 and 2015 science from the other party results from the 1820s the. Is modest by 1.7 million, or Germany projected to drive future growth in the country of residence religious... Provides a demographic profile of the U.S. at the time of writing, India is incontrovertible, precise...