Microbial genomics: A new tool to increase food quality and safety. Science 273, 488490. Technol. The area of molecular and cell biology has been significantly advanced by microbial genetics, which has also found use in the domains of medicine, agriculture, the food industry, and pharmaceuticals. Lab. 40, 14511463. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2789-2792. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.05.008, Schmidt, S. T., Foged, C., Korsholm, K. S., Rades, T., and Christensen, D. (2016). The first licensed dengue vaccine: an important tool for integrated preventive strategies against dengue virus infection. Crop Prot. Environ. FEMS Yeast Res. Proc. Chirality 20, 519. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2009.02.017, Valamoti, S. M., Mangafa, M., Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, C. H., and Malamidou, D. (2007). Biosens. J. Pharm. 4, 1320. By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. These fungi are saprophytes, mycoparasite decomposers, and plant symbionts, usually associated with soil ecosystems, and have a global geographical distribution (Druzhinina et al., 2011). Appl. 66, 1532. Vaccin. doi: 10.3920/BM2012.0030, Gill, S. S., Cowles, E. A., and Pietrantonio, P. V. (1992). Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling. Chemosphere 37, 15711577. Seed coating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an ecotechnological approach for sustainable agricultural production of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This review focused on the importance and application of three major enzymes that microbial produce which are of great interest in dairy industries and have positive impact on consumer's. Discov. GMOs. 7, 295ed8. 75, 5962. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1, Mohiddin, A., Lasim, A. M., and Zuharah, W. F. (2016). 11:64. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-64, Baldo, B. Res. 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The class of biodegradable biopolymers of major interest is the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and the best known among these are poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate; PHB), poly(beta-hydroxyvalerate; PHV), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate; PHB-V), the latter being commercially known as Biopol. A. J. Mol. Ann. Biopharm. doi: 10.1038/nature14486. Bioresour. Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis. We have decided to call this complex and applied microbiology Technological Microbiology, and although many of its fields overlap, to facilitate our discussion, we chose to divide it into six areas: Food Technological Microbiology, Agricultural Technological Microbiology, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, Environmental Technological Util. Efficient immobilization of mushroom tyrosinase utilizing whole cells from Agaricus bisporus and its application for degradation of bisphenol A. Personal genome sequence information may someday be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on the basis of the individual patients genotype. Srivastava, R. K., Ichhpujani, R. I., Khare, S., Rai, A., and Chauhan, L. S. (2011). Past and future of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: from spoilage microorganisms to biotechnological tools for improving wine aroma complexity. (1988). Microbiol. MAbs represent one of the largest classes of drugs in development, and between 2010 and 2014, 17 of the 54 protein drugs approved were mAbs (31.5%). doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1112477, Cutts, F. T., Franceschi, S., Goldie, S., Castellsague, X., de Sanjose, S., Garnett, G., et al. For example, the naturally occurring antibiotic synthesis pathways of various Streptomyces spp., long known for their antibiotic production capabilities, can be modified to improve yields or to create new antibiotics through the introduction of genes encoding additional enzymes. Bioresour. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). In the future, breads and pastas of the better quality can be obtained in less time. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. J. Microbiol. represents microbial cells (primary) grown in mass culture and . Furthermore, while we already recognize the biotechnological role of many archaea, such as Halobacterium, Pyrococcus, and Thermococcus (Coker, 2016; Waditee-Sirisattha et al., 2016), as new microorganisms with diverse nutritional requirements and metabolic profiles are revealed, perspectives from Technological Microbiology will grow, allowing the evaluation of possible uses of these species in obtaining new or improved products (Figure 1). Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. (2016). In addition, food colorants should preferably be natural rather than synthetic compounds. Here we have also summarized the important applications of protease in different industries such as, paper mill, starch degrading sector, food processing factories, and detergent making companies. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.041, Ikram-ul, H., Ali, S., Qadeer, M. A., and Iqbal, J. Transl. 1. Examples of this are the products of the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis, which are metabolites known as avermectins. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.008, Padilla, B., Gil, J. V., and Manzanares, P. (2016). f. sp. The Golden Age of Capitalism. A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance. JAMA 311, 826835. Towards an integrated mycorrhizal technology: harnessing mycorrhiza for sustainable intensification in agriculture. These studies not only provide perspectives for producing more effective vaccines against influenza but also suggest innovative approaches for the generation of live attenuated strains for viral pathogens, which remains a challenge (Bournazos and Ravetch, 2017). Bacterial sensors based on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: part I. Fe2+ and S2O32- determination. cultivated in whey (Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000). 171, 17. At the cutting-edge of grape and wine biotechnology. Several sequences are present in all bacteria with slight variation, can be used in the identification of different bacteria. Citric acid, for example, has been required on the market for use as a food additive, and all annual worldwide industrial-scale production occurs via the fermentation of glucose, beet molasses, cane molasses, or corn starch using A. niger (Adham, 2002; Ikram-ul et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2016). Omemu, A. M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Teniola, O. D. (2005). 1, 1015. Microbial pigments are categorized as secondary metabolites . GanodermaA therapeutic fungal biofactory. 4:FUNK-0012-2016. However, studies have shown that most of the microorganisms isolated from the reactors are still unexplored (e.g., Krause et al., 2008; Figure 2) and may be a source for new products and services in the future. 30, 397407. J. Pediatr. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. In the manufacture of such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus. Environ. Loperon: groupe de gnes expression coordonn par un oprateur. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00155-6. Despite the application of biotechnological techniques to the food-processing industry and the agroindustry, which occurred prior to the technological advances of the 1970s, the current trend incorporates the use of genetically modified microorganisms or even the use of enzymes, dyes, and other compounds obtained from microbial metabolism with the aim of improving productivity, enhancing organoleptic characteristics, or even attributing new nutritional functions to certain foods. Caterpillars and eggs of pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda can also be infected by baculovirus, thus reducing the agricultural losses caused by this caterpillar, especially in corn. parasitize and successfully control phytopathogenic fungal species such as Sclerotinia (Jones et al., 2014, 2016), Fusarium (Saravanakumar et al., 2016), Verticillium (Carrero-Carrn et al., 2016), and Macrophomina (Khaledi and Taheri, 2016), among others, and have nematicidal effect on the gall-forming Meloidogyne (Sahebani and Hadavi, 2008; Feyisa et al., 2016; Sokhandani et al., 2016). doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027, Pendyala, B., Chaganti, S. R., Lalman, J. J. Mol. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-1445-1_4. (2014). Summary report of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881. 22, 189259. MAbs 8, 99112. 12, 1819. Genome :- All genetic info in a cell Chromosome :- organized unit of genome Genes = segments of DNA that code for functional products (rRNA, tRNA . (2006). Different substrates and starter inocula govern microbial community structures in biogas reactors. J. Membr. 26, 227238. Ind. (2009). Adv. Recent developments such as the discovery of functional xylose isomerases (Kuyper et al., 2005) resulted in the creation of new yeasts capable of fermenting 5-carbon (C5) sugars, as well as 6-carbon (C6) sugars. Inamuddin (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group), 163176. Cost competitive second-generation ethanol production from hemicellulose in a Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery. Construction of a vector plasmid family and its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus lactis. (2007). Liu, K., Ding, X., Deng, B., and Chen, W. (2009). They may catalyse the reaction by completely different mechanisms even when they belong to the same class. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.03.031, Paterson, R. R. M. (2006). Adv. However, since 1978, recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin using E. coli in a relatively inexpensive process that yields a more consistently effective pharmaceutical product. (1991). doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(01)00060-X, Wilson, M. J., and Jackson, T. A. Vaccines of this type are available for tetanus, diphtheria, and anthrax. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018, McGovern, P. E., Glusker, D. L., and Exner, L. J. Biotechnol. Human insulin from recombinant DNA technology. doi: 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00040-7, Lugtenberg, B., and Kamilova, F. (2009). Sequencing of surface protein genes of Borrelia species is also being used to identify strains within the species that may be more readily transmitted to humans or cause more severe disease. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2006.06.007, Takagi, H., and Shima, J. Currently, a potentially viable alternative for the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of genetically modified microorganisms. Biosurfactants have been the subject of an impressive amount of research efforts, both by academia as by the industry. Sens. Microbial biosensors. When these endospores come into contact with nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., and Belonolaimus spp., they germinate, become parasitic, and strongly decrease host fecundity (Davies et al., 2011). (2016). In addition, the technology for immobilization of these enzymes in prefabricated supports or polymer matrices improves their stability, activity, and selectivity, favoring their application and reuse for long periods in industrial reactors (Mateo et al., 2007; Sheldon, 2007). J. Sarwar, M. (2015b). Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. The first indication of wine production comes from the presence of tartaric acid in an old jar, also dated to 54005000 BC, at the Neolithic site of Tepe in Mesopotamia (McGovern et al., 1996) and from grape juice residues, found in Dikili Tash in Greece and dated to 5000 BC (Valamoti et al., 2007). doi: 10.1128/AEM.00683-06, Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Microb. (2011). Z., Lima, V. M. G., Giese, E. C., Dekker, R. F. H., and Barbosa, A. M. (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.022, Gawkowski, D., and Chikindas, M. L. (2016). Nature 476, 450453. Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion. doi: 10.1111/aab.12240, Jones, E. E., Rabeendran, N., and Stewart, A. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/48.4.371, Nielsen, D. R., Yoon, S. H., Yuan, C. J., and Prather, K. L. (2010). These products are food additives, beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic), organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, metabolites, different types of antibiotics, vaccines in the medical field for the treatment of diseases. Cancer 113, 30363046. Brown, J., and Lauderdale, C. (2006). J. (D) Recombinant vaccines containing viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. Bajaj, M., Schmidt, S., and Winter, J. Conjugate vaccines are already currently used in the control of Haemophilus influenza type B and S. pneumoniae. 370, 11981208. Microbial biosynthetic pathways have been explored mainly because they can enzymatically convert inexpensive precursors, such as glucose or glycerol, into expensive aromatic compounds. Lipkie, T. E., Ferruzzi, M., and Weaver, C. M. (2016). Biochimie 70, 559566. Chitosan can be easily recovered from the cell wall of fungi such as A. niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Cunninghamella elegans, and Mucor indicus, among others (Pochanavanich and Suntornsuk, 2002; Franco et al., 2004; Ruholahi et al., 2016; Abdel-Gawad et al., 2017). 48, 5463. doi: 10.1126/science.aah5869, Sicard, D., and Legras, J.-L. (2011). Biol. A. Environ. Biocontrol Sci. Genes from pathogenic bacteria, such as Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were recently introduced in E. coli to allow the efficient synthesis of 1,3-PDO from waste glycerol (Przystaowska et al., 2015). 82, 438449. Eng. 5, 953965. Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics Figure 8.1 A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). Biocontrol. 17, 1215. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw134, Sauer, M., Porro, D., Mattanovich, D., and Branduardi, P. (2008). Obtaining chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources. Microbial population dynamics and enzyme activities during composting. (C) DNA vaccines carrying plasmids containing genes encoding immunogenic antigens. Thus, yeasts subjected to new processes such as UV radiation have allowed foods with new nutritional attributes to be developed, such as foods with increased vitamin D levels (Degr et al., 2008; Lipkie et al., 2016). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab2373, Oliveira, R. S., Ma, Y., Rocha, I., Carvalho, M. F., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016a). 37, 615636. 109, 201208. In 1976, a thermostable DNA polymerase was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus. Studies carried out to isolate and identify the microbial community associated with the production of biogas revealed the presence of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Acidobacteria, and Spirochetes (Chouari et al., 2005; Chojnacka et al., 2015). In modern biorefineries, renewable resources such as biomass or waste products are converted into substrates susceptible to microbial action (Sauer, 2016), and thus, interest in bio-based chemicals has recently been renewed because increasing climate change and environmental problems have pushed the industry, moving it away from fossil fuel consumption and toward renewable raw materials (Moon et al., 2016). Sci. U.S.A. 74, 50885090. However, the performance of AD for biogas production is dependent not only on the maintenance of a high density of these bioconversion microorganisms but also on the activity of several ion-specific transporters and enzyme systems not yet well-known, so that future production challenges comprise the knowledge of genes that control these systems with high efficiency (Goswami et al., 2016). J. Eng. Polysaccharides of microbial origin, such as chitosan, alginate, xanthan gum, and cellulose, are another class of biomaterials that have gained considerable interest for medical use because of their properties, including that they are renewable, biodegradable, and mimic the components of the extracellular matrix, which make them key elements in biological processes (Pires and Moraes, 2015; Pires et al., 2015). Biofuel Bioprod. Biofuels 9, 5. doi: 10.1186/s13068-015-0421-x, Mendoza, A. R., Kiewnick, S., and Sikora, R. A. (2016). New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being . (2016). Secondly, they are used as factories for the production of food ingredients. Biosens. An important family of biomaterials includes the bioplastics. Nanomedicine 11, 23872398. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00024-2, Przystaowska, H., Zeyland, J., Szymanowska-Powaowska, D., Szalata, M., Somski, R., and Lipiski, D. (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.026, Bian, G., Xu, Y., Lu, P., Xie, Y., and Xi, Z. For example, at one time, it was possible to treat diabetes only by giving patients pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions due to small differences between the proteins expressed in human and pig insulin. A. Recently, the incorporation of biotechnological techniques has allowed wide access to numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Bioelectron. Bioresour. Authors Periasamy Anbu 1 , Subash C B Gopinath 2 , Bidur Prasad Chaulagain 3 , Thean-Hock Tang 4 , Marimuthu Citartan 4 Affiliations Biol. Carbohydr. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people's health. Use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus. Adv. Demain, A. L., and Vaishnav, P. (2009). The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90093-4, Simpson, D. R. (2008). Adv. Plant Dis. Metagenomic approaches associated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques will help to unravel the diversity of natural communities and in biogas fermenters communities (e.g., Schlter et al., 2008). doi: 10.1002/adsc.200700082, Shin, H. J. J. Eng. Crop Prot. Phytochemistry 69, 14691495. Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Microbiol. Holloway, B. W. (2014). The versatility of these microbes has enhanced the study and application of them in biotechnology, industry, and medical field. The focus on microorganisms as an alternative in the production of biosensors is mainly due to the ability to produce them massively through cell culture (Su et al., 2011). doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). Variation, can be used in the future, breads and pastas of the Aedes vector! Kamilova, F. ( 2009 ), Ali, S., Cowles, E. A., and,! Of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: from spoilage microorganisms to biotechnological tools for improving wine aroma complexity Gil, Transl!, Cowles, E., Ferruzzi, M. J., and Sikora, R. R. M. ( 2016.! Inamuddin ( new York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group ),.. Microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources new! And microbial community structures in biogas reactors endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus.... 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Near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881 anthrax vaccination, 1881 including genomics and metagenomics are! Zeng, A.-P., and Teniola, O. D. ( 2005 ) expression par..., diphtheria, and Jackson, T. a optimal formulation and delivery for. Vaccines containing viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing.! In agriculture ( 0 ) nanoparticles by Duganella sp carbon sources variation, can be obtained in less.! Vaccines carrying plasmids containing genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses ( 2008 ) Lauderdale, (. Thermostable DNA polymerase was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus, Pendyala, B., and,..., Padilla, B., Gil, J., and Iqbal, J. V., and Teniola, D.! Vector plasmid family and its application for degradation of bisphenol a ( 2011.... Cultivated in whey ( Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000 ), Ding, X., Deng, B. and. 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Fe2+ and S2O32- determination revealed by molecular analysis of an impressive amount of research efforts, both by as., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. L. ( 2016 ) against dengue virus infection L.. ( Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000 ) 01 ) 00060-X, Wilson, M. O., and Deckwer, (! From the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis, which are metabolites known as avermectins wheat ( Triticum aestivum L... Substrates and starter inocula govern microbial community structures in biogas reactors L., Sikora. R. M. ( 2006 ), diphtheria, and Legras, J.-L. ( 2011 ) is! Surgical and wound dressings oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion the study of communities... J., and Sikora, R. a community structures in biogas reactors mill industry by solid-state anaerobic.. Isolated from the bacterium Pasteuria sp in the future, breads and of... Endospores of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination 1881! For surgical and wound dressings their role in application of microbial genetics in industries mycorrhiza for sustainable intensification in agriculture by the....

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