And he was a father who insisted his three daughters have the same education as his son. The pilgrimage was an effort to organize a march on London to install a conservative Catholic government instead of Henry's increasingly Protestant-leaning one. Christ in Thy Mercy, save Thou me! However, things suddenly change in May 1541 when a decision was made to execute her. His choice was Jane Colt, the eldest daughter of a gentleman farmer. Illustrated statistics ; Map ; Browse using this individual as Sosa/Ahnentafel #1 . If Margaret played any part in the downfall of Henrys second queen, her role was so far behind the scenes that it has left no trace. She also had restored to her the title to the Earldom of Salisbury. During the reign of Edward IV, little Margaret and her brother were brought up at Sheen . On the scaffold, Margaret prayed for the royal family all except Anne Boleyns daughter, Elizabeth, whom she regarded as illegitimate. His crusade against his native land was never launched, but many years later he would return, Archbishop of Canterbury to Mary Tudor, and join in heresy-hunting and the burning of reformers. Managed projects by translating human insights into actionable guidance for skilled teams. It took the inexperience executioner a grand total of 11 swings to finally sever her head at the neck . Margarets uncle Richard of Gloucester became king in 1483 as Richard III, and reinforced young Margaret and Edwards exclusion from the line of succession. If, however, the subject lives a life of great extravagance, tell him he, too, can afford to give largely, the proof of his opulence being evident in his expenditure.. * Thomas Stafford (1531-4 May 1557) who was captured and executed for High Treason in Scarborough. There was a feeling in England that a new era had begun. Susan Higginbotham. His father was not supportive, but More was fully prepared to be disowned rather than disobey Gods will. Henry was wise enough to state his case and let it go, for a little while at least. Henry Tudor had the real Warwick in custody, and was able to produce him, so the rebellion came to nothing. Mores eldest daughter Margaret would become the first non-royal Englishwoman to publish a work in translation. Edward was briefly displayed in public at St Paul's Cathedral in 1487 in response to the presentation of the impostor Lambert Simnel as the "Earl of Warwick" to the Irish lords. She answered that no crime had been imputed to her. Nevertheless, she was taken from her cell to the place within the precincts of the Tower of London where a low wooden block had been prepared instead of the customary scaffold.[5]. By 1527, the king was in his mid-thirties, and his wife six years older. [2] His heir was his son Thomas. Margaret Pole, fdd 14 augusti 1473 i Bath, Somerset, England, dd 27 maj 1541 i London, England, grevinna av Salisbury, var en engelsk hovfunktionr. She was no longer, though, the sort of influence Henry wished for his daughter. After bearing More three daughters (Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely) and one son (John), Jane died in 1511. This discovery resulted in removal of Mores books and writing materials. When Richard Pole died in 1504 Margaret had had to borrow money to give him a suitable funeral. (2020, August 26). Margaret was not executed with her eldest son, but was held in the Tower for the last years of her life the king paying her bills, outfitting her as became a great lady in furred petticoats and a satin nightgown. On her wrist, emblematic, is a small barrel. Her mother, Isabel, daughter of the above-mentioned "King-maker," died 22nd December, 1476, and her father in the Tower nearly two years later. How to Be Tudor: Can a King Have Friends. It took many blows to finally kill her and this botched execution was itself remembered and, for some, considered a sign of martyrdom. It was a small mercy. Margaret's own favour at Court varied. When Arthur married Catherine of Aragon, she became a lady-in-waiting to the princess. The resulting trial was mere show; despite his impassioned and brilliant defense, no one ever expected More to be found anything other than guilty. Because the main executioner[17] had been sent north to deal with rebels, the execution was performed by "a wretched and blundering youth who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner". When that daughters father-in-law was executed by Henry VIII, the Pole family fell out of favor briefly, but regained favor. Despite such evidence of royal favor, it is likely that More chafed at his service to the king. In the spring of 1536 the Boleyn family were destroyed, and the Pole family and other English grandees grouped themselves about the incoming queen, Jane Seymour. Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. In 1512, Parliament, with Henrys assent, restored to her some of the lands that had been held by Henry VII for her brother while he was imprisoned, and then had been confiscated when he was executed. In: Ghosts and Hauntings. The new king married Margaret's cousin, Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter, and Margaret and her brother were taken into their care. More was a well-born academic and a sincere and committed Roman Catholic. Nor make one step, as you shall see; He was made knight of the Garter, and appointed chamberlain to the young Prince of Wales. It was children who caused him a problem. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. Her father was the younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III. Here is where it gets complicated. Now he decided to seriously test his religious convictions. And so, when More returned from a diplomatic mission to France in summer 1527, the king laid the open Bible before his favorite councilor. With Margarets female peers, there is a gap between what they say and what they do, what they are and what they appear to be. And More determined that their daughters would receive the same education as their son. As Englands premier intellectual, Mores opinion mattered. This is what Margaret is now, besides paper and ink, and the ruins of her palaces: pieces of breastbone and pelvis, a single finger bone and four vertebrae. He never explicitly courted controversy, but he felt compelled to answer the reformers such as William Tyndale. Geoffrey Pole, who had given the government what it needed, was pardoned. [6] . The two men had first met in 1497 and remained close friends until Mores death. by Susan Higginbotham. (1) England became an embattled nation. His work at Bruges and, later, Calais, as well as his continuing duties as undersheriff in London, were clear evidence of his skill and popularity. Margaret Pole, or Margaret Plantagenet, was the daughter of the Duke of Clarence, brother of two Plantagenet kings: Edward IV and Richard III, and his wife Lady Isabella Neville, daughter of "Warwick the Kingmaker". Despite widespread belief, even amongst Protestants, that Rich was lying, his statement was enough for a fresh inquiry to begin. It mattered to London shopkeepers, and to great churchmen. Their destruction came with a wave of arrests in the autumn of 1538. Perhaps his earlier justification for the annulment had been a matter of self-interest, a selective interpretation of opaque text. A pearl necklace is just a shadow now. The grave of Anne Boleyn. She certainly didn't bow to any pressure later in her life to give up her son. Margaret was 14, and probably remained at court rather than living with her husband. Margaret was 12 years old when Henry VII defeated Richard III and claimed the crown of England by right of conquest. Margaret and Richard Pole had five children, born between about 1492 and 1504: four sons and the youngest a daughter. Margaret, warned of the threat he represented to her own interests and life, said: I trow he is not so unhappy that he will hurt his mother, and yet I care neither for him, nor for any other, for I am true to my Prince., At this point she was questioned rigorously by Henrys councillor William Fitzwilliam. Yet even as his legal future seemed assured, More was deeply conflicted about his future. Margaret Poles death, notoriously, was not a clean end. Did she, as the regime alleged, burn the evidence that incriminated her? As the heir to the throne, Mary enjoyed a separate household, and in 1525 she was sent to Ludlow to hold court. The pope would not relent. In 1537, after the split from the Roman Catholic Church proclaimed by Henry VIII, Pope Paul II created Reginald Pole who, though he had studied theology extensively and served the church, had not been ordained a priest Archbishop of Canterbury, and assigned Pole to organize efforts to replace Henry VIII with a Roman Catholic government. Born in 1473 into a world of bloody dynastic feuds, she survived under the first Tudor and thrived under the second, until she and her family, long suspected of plots against the regime, were destroyed. Gender: Male. Where is Hans Holbein when you need him? Margaret was a daughter of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabella Neville. Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, was born at Farley Castle, near Bath, on 14th August, in or about the year 1473. But to Mores credit, he made an impassioned plea for greater freedom of speech in parliament. If the great Sir Thomas More believed the kings marriage to be unlawful, why, it must be so! In April 1523, he was elected speaker of the House of Commons. Pole, Reginald (1500-58). He handled his responsibilities with his usual skill, but it was a balancing act, and an increasingly dangerous one. Under the reign of Henry VIII on May 27th 1541, at the age of 67, Margaret Pole Countess of Salisbury was executed for treason. But he himself did not sign the letter in which most of Englands nobles and prelates petitioned the pope to declare the marriage unlawful. In Utopia, he identified himself as a citizen of London, and it was in London that he was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. The one potentially scandalous act of his life was his quick second marriage to a widow seven years his senior, Alice Middleton. He later characterized this as abandonment by his mother, and bitterly resented it for much of his life, although he became an important figure in the church. [6] She remained there until she returned to favour when Henry VIII came to the throne in 1509. Henry wrote to Margaret, who in turn wrote to her son, reproving him for his "folly". A devoted Catholic, More refuses to sign Parliament's Act of Supremacy, which declares King Henry, and not the Pope, the Supreme Head of the new Church of England. But in late June she was back at court by the side of Queen Jane, and the king was looking forward to an era of peace and fertility. Six months later, Cromwell produced a tunic marked with the wounds of Christ, claiming it had been found in that search, and used that to arrest Margaret, though most doubt that. Gaily agreeing that the chief female virtues are meekness and self-effacement, they managed estates, signed off accounts, bought wardships and brokered marriage settlements, all the while keeping up a steady output of needlework. In fact she was 67. Reginald Pole supported Henry VIII in 1529 trying to win support among theologians in Paris for Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon. [23] Her remains were later uncovered when the chapel was renovated in 1876.[24][25]. But literacy was their usual weapon, not spells, and many of them picked up enough legal knowledge to fight their corner in civil disputes. Katheryn Howard was fortunate. ThoughtCo. EXECUTED: 27 MAY 1541. Princess Mary But in 1520 Margaret was clearly in favor with the King and Queen when she was appointed governess of the Princess Mary. The remnants of the Plantagenets had no difficulty in breeding, while the Tudors were less lucky. Get GCSE Macbeth Coursework, Essay & Homework assistance including assignments fully Marked by Teachers and Peers. Today we know Sir Thomas More primarily as the author of Utopia, and as one of the more famous martyrs of Henry VIIIs reign. On June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. Utopia is a complex and witty work which describes a city-state ruled entirely by reason. To that end, he spent the next three years in study and prayer, wearing a hair shirt next to his skin (a practice he never abandoned), and struggling to reconcile his genuine religious fervor with the demands of the outside world. The picture was cleaned in 1973, and study suggested that some original features have almost vanished. Her London palace, Le Herber, stood in a busy mercantile quarter, approximately where Cannon Street Station is now, and she rented out the tenements around as workshops, stables and an inn. [12] In May 1536, Reginald finally and definitively broke with the king. Edward was then brought out and displayed briefly to the public. Elizabeth Throckmorton. More also engaged in a public war of words on the kings behalf with Martin Luther, the father of the Reformation. His natural piety was at odds with other courtiers, all of whom jockeyed ceaselessly for the kings favor. No one would stage a rebellion in her favour while there were male Yorkists to mount a challenge. ODNB, "Reginald Pole"; "Geoffrey Pole". It was delivered in manuscript form, but at any time it could be printed and circulated through Europe. (Along with Margaret her sister-in-law Eleanor Pole was also a lady-in-waiting to Katherine. After her husband's death, Margaret acted as regent for her son James V, from 1513-1515. Margaret was stripped of her titles and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Chapuys wrote that, "at first, when the sentence of death was made known to her, she found the thing very strange, not knowing of what crime she was accused, nor how she had been sentenced". She spent much of her time at Warblington, where she was nicely placed, in the event of an invasion, to help the rebels against Henry; or so you thought, if you were one of Henrys councillors. A Bill of Attainder disinherited Margaret and her younger brother, Edward, and removed them from the line of succession. Henry VII had controlled them first while her brother was a minor and then during his imprisonment; he later confiscated them after his trial. They were preventing her marriage to the king. But time and impatience had made him emphatic in his righteousness. Did she plot against the crown? Learning you may well have, his brother Montagu wrote to him, but doubtless no prudence nor pity. Reginald had compared himself to a surgeon ready to cut away diseased flesh from the body of England: not the most tactful metaphor, when your anointed king is dragging about with an ulcerated leg. The work was a marvel of learning and wit and wholly original; it was soon translated throughout the Continent and its author hailed as one of the foremost Humanist thinkers. Thomas More was beheaded in 1535 for his refusal to accept the Acts of Supremacy and the Act of Succession (1534) of Henry VIII of England and swear allegiance to Henry as head of the English Church. Mores connection to Morton had earlier secured him admittance to Oxford, where he studied for two years, mastering Greek and Latin with an instinct of genius, and studying a wide variety of subjects, including music. She was now one of the richest people in England. Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 1473 - 27 May 1541), was an English peeress.She was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, and Isabel Neville and was niece of kings Edward IV and Richard III.Margaret was one of two women in 16th-century England to be a peeress in her own right with no titled husband. 83 ratings9 reviews. But not before Lina imparted . But Margaret kept any dissident thoughts to herself, avoiding jeopardy until, in the summer of 1536, the actions of her son Reginald plunged her whole family into trouble. She lived one of the more turbulent lives of the 16th century, starting off as the niece of the King, and ending up nearly 70 years later penniless in the Tower, executed by an inexperienced executioner. Please include name, address and a telephone number. She, her grandson, Henry (son of her own son Henry), and Exeter's son were held together and supported by the king. But in the meantime, More had eighteen months of seclusion and study at his home in Chelsea. A tradition has grown up that George was drowned in a vat a malmsey, an expensive sweet wine. This was on 16 May 1532, the date on which the archdiocese of Canterbury, as head of the English clergy, sent a document to Henry VIII in which is promised to never legislate or even convene without royal assent, thus making the king a lay person head of the spiritual order in England. After Richard was killed, Margaret came to court under the new regime, and in September 1486 she attended the christening of Arthur, the first Tudor prince. She is the daughter of a duke and the niece of two kings, Edward IV and Richard III. Mary's household was broken up at the end of the year, and Margaret asked to serve Mary at her own cost, but was not permitted. Then, her prayers completed, she faced the incompetent axeman. On 1 July 1535, he was indicted on high treason. Thomas More and Catherine herself were wise enough to steer clear of the nun. We do know that he tried in vain to support the kings position. It should be noted that Mores affinity for the monastic life never left him, despite his later marriages, family, and career. They were charged with treason. He waited five days before being summoned to the scaffold on Tower Hill. Margaret's destiny, as an heiress to the Plantagenets, is not for a life in the shadows. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/margaret-pole-tudor-matriarch-and-martyr-3530618. This was an obvious lie; More had never said anything of the sort to any other visitor, why Rich? Calculate relationship; Relationship with x x (Sosa/Ahnentafel #1) Relationship with Thomas Chaworth (spouse) More . Because she was a girl Margaret did not represent the same threat. Answer (1 of 6): Anne Boleyn's death would have been instant and painless - to the extent that we can guess, anyway. Whether the countess was up to this is hard to say, but later the Imperial ambassador was to declare that Mary regarded her as a second mother. Fitzwilliam despaired of getting anything out of her but denials, and paid her a twisted compliment in the way Tudor men did: We may call her rather a strong and constant man than a woman she has shown herself so earnest, vehement and precise that more could not be. When he told her that her goods had been seized, she must have known it was the beginning of the end, and seemeth thereat to be somew[hat] appalled, but neither then nor at any later point did she profess anything but loyalty to Henry and regret at her familys folly. This is Aalto. This blatant disrespect could not be tolerated and Mores name was included in a Bill of Attainder against Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent, who had prophesized against the kings annulment. He collected books and rare objects, but he gave away his possessions freely as well. His brother came to the throne in 1509 as Henry VIII, married the widowed Catherine, and in a first flush of goodwill began to repair the damage to Margarets fortunes. Two days later, a four-count indictment charging More with treason was presented to the commission. It states that Margaret refused to lay her head on the block, declaiming, "So should traitors do, and I am none". But and of course this clause was added simply to trap More the Act also required a repudiation of any foreign authority, prince or potentate. More could recognize Anne as the crowned queen of England. For a time, she and her younger brother were in the care of their maternal aunt, Anne Neville, who was married to their paternal uncle, Richard of Gloucester. Henrys adult opponents were dead or driven abroad. The barrel, though, may have been strung on Margaret after her death. He read anything and everything he could find on the subject. He sent envoys. But his older brother perished and the younger brother was crowned at 18 years old, and quickly wed his brothers widow. To ease the situation, Margaret devoted her third son, Reginald Pole, to the Church; he was to have an eventful career as a papal Legate and later as Archbishop of Canterbury. These are not consistent; and ifas he claimed at one pointPole rejected the Divorce in 1526 and refused the Oath of Supremacy in 1531, he received benefits from Henry for a course of action for which others were sentenced to death. As widows, or as deputies to living husbands, they handled complex legal and financial affairs with aplomb, while assenting outwardly at least to their status as irrational and inferior beings. But that was years in the future. It is only in adversity that Margaret shows herself, in the records of her interrogations, when she was a woman in her sixties, experienced, shrewd, hard to frighten. In 1554, Mary reversed the attainder against Reginald Pole, and he was ordained as a priest in 1556 and finally consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556. It is meant to contrast with the reality of European rule, divided by ideologies and greed and self-interest. Eleanor was related through marriage to Lady Margaret Beaufort's extended family.) No great European power was willing to commit men or money to this crusade, but their unwillingness was not apparent at the time. He had a true gift for friendship and inspired deep loyalty amongst his family and friends. His spirits were high when visited by family and friends, though they were only permitted to see him if they took the Oath which he had refused. But he could not recognize the kings authority as head of the new church of England. When he later built his Great House in Chelsea, its rooms were specifically designed to encourage quiet study and prayer. Her thoughts, her motives, are so hidden, either by her inclination or by the work of time, that it is difficult for the most diligent biographer to put her together and make her walk and talk. He had long felt a calling to the priesthood. The feast day of Blessed Margaret Pole is 28 May, and she was beatified 1886 by Pope Leo VIII. If he had trusted her once, he no longer did so. Chapuys wrote two weeks after the execution that one hundred and fifty witnesses were present for the execution, including the Lord Mayor of London. Thomas More: A very brief history June 29, 2017; Henry VIII's Westminster Tournament 1511 June 5, 2017; Margaret would have had a claim to the Earldom of Warwick, but the earldom was forfeited on the attainder of her brother Edward.[4]. We come now to the great event of Henrys reign. In May 1539 Henry, Margaret, Exeter and others were attainted, as Margaret's father had been. Cardinal Wolsey and the king needed no further reason to bring More into the kings service. It is only in posteritys schoolroom view that Bosworth was the end of the Middle Ages or the end of anything; the noble families didnt think their wars were over, and indeed they were not, because in 1487 the new king was defending his throne at the Battle of Stoke. Among his guests, in fact, was the king himself. Even as he secretly wore a hair shirt, he openly and consistently fasted, prayed, and maintained a relatively modest household. [7] However, her brother's Warwick and Spencer [Despencer] estates remained in the hands of the crown.[8]. Contact was made with Warwick; a plot began, or perhaps was manufactured by agents provocateurs; just at this time, to increase the alarm of Henry Tudor, another Warwick impersonator showed his face in Kent. Was she, at this point or that, doing nothing of interest at all or was she doing everything, in a way that was almost supernaturally discreet? He was keenly interested in theology, but he was not ordained; he was free to marry if he wished, and propagate a Plantagenet family. Reginald Pole, (born March 3, 1500, Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, Eng.died Nov. 17, 1558, London), English prelate who broke with King Henry VIII over Henry's antipapal policies and later became a cardinal and a powerful figure in the government of the Roman Catholic queen Mary Tudor. Mores letters indicate that he was not particularly keen to enter royal service. His home at Chelsea was as close as Tudor England would come to an 18th century French salon. Elizabeth of York, who married John De la Pole was George's sister - making Margaret Pole, Elizabeth's aunt. Her father, Duke of Clarence and brother to Edward IV, switched sides several times during that long family battle over the crown of England. She was head of her family, a magnate with vast resources in men and money; any disaffection on her part was dangerous. More would have to either acknowledge the kings spiritual supremacy and marriage to Anne Boleyn, or he would die. She was attended by servants and received an extensive grant of clothing in March 1541. The eldest daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, Margaret was the sister of Henry VIII. Quite the opposite. Besides Ursula, four of Margarets children lived to adulthood. Biography. Cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury.Pole was a younger son of Margaret, countess of Salisbury, daughter of George, duke of Clarence: he was therefore of the blood royal and his mother was governess and companion of Princess Mary.Intended from the beginning for the church, he spent 1521-7 on the continent in study. Elizabeth Darrell, later Thomas Wyatts mistress, refused the oath; Lady Hussey, wife of one of Marys household, was imprisoned because she would not accept Marys exclusion from the succession and insisted on addressing her as a princess. Certainly Henry wanted Mores support. After Richard III seized the throne, he sent Margaret to Yorkshire with her brother. Born 14 August 1473, Margaret was one of the few Plantagenets who had survived the Wars of the Roses She was the mother of . Rather, he felt that he could be more effective in the city itself, not closeted away amongst the nobles and councilors of Henrys court. Was the family sincere in deploring his disloyalty? When Henry gave the nod for the execution to take place, no one was give. Margarets youngest son, Geoffrey, probably under threat of torture, denounced not only his own family but the Courtenay clan and other prominent members of the old families. Perhaps more than any other courtier of Henrys reign, More embodied the searching, troubled spirit of the early 16th century. Pierces book is thorough and scholarly, and her work is acknowledged in Higginbothams biography, which is less detailed, but serious and judicious. And he was well-connected enough to later secure his sons appointment as household page to John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England. As a young man, he seriously contemplated joining the priesthood, only to become one of the most successful politicians of his time. (Scientists aren't absolutely sure that people register no pain when the head is removed or that they lose consciousness instantaneously.) Towards the block I shall not go! [10], When Mary was declared a bastard in 1533, Margaret refused to give Mary's gold plate and jewels back to Henry. It was the beginning of a fertile new line. Episode 081 of the Renaissance English History Podcast is an interview with Melita Thomas on Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. It was the king who had paid for Reginalds education at Oxford and later in Italy, where his noble connections gave him the entre into the smartest humanist circles. 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Insights into actionable guidance for skilled teams conservative Catholic government instead of Henry VIII courtier of Henrys.... With treason was presented to the princess Mary x27 ; s extended family. great House Chelsea... To answer the reformers such as William Tyndale July 1535, thomas more and margaret pole relationship was indicted on high.! At, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March ( conflation of, this was!, even amongst Protestants, that Rich was lying, his statement was enough for a life in the of! The autumn of 1538 Catherine herself were wise enough to steer clear of the sort to any other,.

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