This is referred to as a Face Centered Cubic (FCC) atomic structure. In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. [73] In 1722, German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced his belief that the base of alum was a distinct earth. Atomic Structure of Aluminum Atomic Radius: 1.82 Atomic Volume: 10cm 3 / mol Covalent Radius: 1.18 Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) a / barns: 0.232 Crystal Structure: Cubic face centered Electron Configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 p 6 3s 2 p 1 Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,3 Shell Model Ionic Radius: 0.535 Filling Orbital: 3p 1 Heating the hydroxides leads to formation of corundum. The result of this experiment is not wholly decisive as to the existence of what might be called aluminium and glucinium. 'I feel like I'm trapped in a tin box at 39000 feet'. The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. Period [46], Aluminium alloys well with most other metals (with the exception of most alkali metals and group 13 metals) and over 150 intermetallics with other metals are known. A few aluminium(I) compounds exist: AlF, AlCl, AlBr, and AlI exist in the gaseous phase when the respective trihalide is heated with aluminium, and at cryogenic temperatures. The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. The electron configuration for Aluminum is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1 . [103] Production moved from the industrialized countries to countries where production was cheaper. [86] Because of its electricity-conducting capacity, aluminium was used as the cap of the Washington Monument, completed in 1885. [188][189], Food is the main source of aluminium. [9], The only stable chalcogenides under normal conditions are aluminium sulfide (Al2S3), selenide (Al2Se3), and telluride (Al2Te3). The RSC makes no representations whatsoever about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published on this Site for any purpose. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. British chemist Humphry Davy, who performed a number of experiments aimed to isolate the metal, is credited as the person who named the element. [183] In very high doses, aluminium is associated with altered function of the bloodbrain barrier. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. [84] Deville had discovered that aluminium trichloride could be reduced by sodium, which was more convenient and less expensive than potassium, which Whler had used. [76][77][78] He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of the new metal in 1825. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by. Aluminum Hint: look up each of these elements on a periodic table. The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. [129] IUPAC official publications use the -ium spelling as primary, and they list both where it is appropriate.[m]. [134] Being a very hard material (Mohs hardness 9),[151] alumina is widely used as an abrasive;[152] being extraordinarily chemically inert, it is useful in highly reactive environments such as high pressure sodium lamps. Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. There aren't many elements with names that are onomatopoeic. The sum of all elements per 10, Davy discovered several other elements, including those he named, For instance, see the NovemberDecember 2013 issue of, While aluminium per se is not carcinogenic, Sderberg aluminium production is, as is noted by the, Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, American Dictionary of the English Language, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2005 edition of the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, List of countries by primary aluminium production, List of countries by aluminium oxide production, United States Department of Health and Human Services, International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes", "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds", "Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays", "Livechart Table of Nuclides Nuclear structure and decay data", "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "Household aluminum foil matte and bright side reflectivity measurements: Application to a photobioreactor light concentrator design", "Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements", "Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition", Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, "Aluminum prices hit 13-year high amid power shortage in China", "Electro Chemical Researches, on the Decomposition of the Earths; with Observations on the Metals obtained from the alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam procured from Ammonia", "Essay on the Cause of Chemical Proportions, and on some Circumstances relating to them: together with a short and easy Method of expressing them", "Leonse de minralogie. Remarkably, another 22 year-old, the Frenchman Paul Louis Toussaint Hroult, discovered exactly the same electrolytic technique at almost exactly the same time, provoking a transatlantic patent race. When an electron is added to a neutral atom, energy is released. Pornographic, defamatory, libellous, scandalous, fraudulent, immoral, infringing or otherwise unlawful use of the Images is, of course, prohibited. Portable computer cases. Aluminum | Al | CID 5359268 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. The name is derived from the Latin name for alum, 'alumen' meaning bitter salt. This name was criticized by contemporary chemists from France, Germany, and Sweden, who insisted the metal should be named for the oxide, alumina, from which it would be isolated. When an atom is not electrically neutral, it is called an ion. After about half of aluminium has precipitated, the mixture is sent to classifiers. Electricity-related uses (conductor alloys, motors, and generators, transformers, capacitors, Machinery and equipment (processing equipment, pipes, tools). And whereas iron rusts away when exposed to the elements, aluminium forms a microscopically thin oxide layer, protecting its surface from further corrosion. [138], White dross from primary aluminium production and from secondary recycling operations still contains useful quantities of aluminium that can be extracted industrially. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site. It is cooled by removing steam as pressure is reduced. [198], Acidic precipitation is the main natural factor to mobilize aluminium from natural sources[171] and the main reason for the environmental effects of aluminium;[199] however, the main factor of presence of aluminium in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminium into air. Many aluminum alloys have an elastic modulus of approximately 70 GPa (10 million psi). In AlN wurtzite crystal structure, Al and N alternate along the c-axis, and each bond is tetrahedrally coordinated with four atoms per unit cell. National Institutes of Health. Alloys with copper, manganese, magnesium and silicon are lightweight but strong. 2.1.2 The atomic structure of iron. Aluminium sulfate (in its hydrate form) is produced on the annual scale of several millions of metric tons. They are characterized as a group by having three electrons in the outermost parts of their atomic structure. These minerals are aluminium silicates. I confess I do not like this alumina. Atomic number The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates." Source: Wikipidia Atomic number 13 Standard atomic weight 26. . Melting point They are all III-V semiconductors isoelectronic to silicon and germanium, all of which but AlN have the zinc blende structure. They are very important in the construction of aeroplanes and other forms of transport. Aluminium crystal structure image (ball and stick style). [9] Its crystalline form, corundum, is very hard (Mohs hardness 9), has a high melting point of 2,045C (3,713F), has very low volatility, is chemically inert, and a good electrical insulator, it is often used in abrasives (such as toothpaste), as a refractory material, and in ceramics, as well as being the starting material for the electrolytic production of aluminium metal. He reacted anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium amalgam, yielding a lump of metal looking similar to tin. [40], Aluminium is classified as a non-carcinogen by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Sodium has the electronic structure 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1. A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. [170] Aluminium sulfate has an LD50 of 6207mg/kg (oral, mouse), which corresponds to 435grams for an 70kg (150lb) person. [176][177] Evidence published in 1989 indicates that, for Alzheimer's patients, aluminium may act by electrostatically crosslinking proteins, thus down-regulating genes in the superior temporal gyrus. In fact, aluminium's electropositive behavior, high affinity for oxygen, and highly negative, Such differences in coordination between the fluorides and heavier halides are not unusual, occurring in Sn, Abundances in the source are listed relative to silicon rather than in per-particle notation. Isotopes [64] Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea. Density (g cm3) Annealing of alpha-bronzes is carried out in the temperature range of 550-870 C. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact It can be produced from lithium hydride and aluminium trichloride. )[119] A January 1811 summary of one of Davy's lectures at the Royal Society mentioned the name aluminium as a possibility. We welcome your feedback. It is created almost entirely after fusion of carbon in massive stars that will later become Type II supernovas: this fusion creates 26Mg, which, upon capturing free protons and neutrons becomes aluminium. The B12 units here are not icosahedra but cubooctahedra, with alternating square and triangular faces. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. Yet aluminium remained undiscovered until 1808, as it's bound up with oxygen and silicon into hundreds of different minerals, never appearing naturally in its metallic form. . Cooking in aluminium pans does not greatly increase the amount in our diet, except when cooking acidic foods such as rhubarb. Political stability of top reserve holder. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). [74] In 1754, German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized alumina by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and subsequently adding potash. [96], The real price for aluminium declined from $14,000 per metric ton in 1900 to $2,340 in 1948 (in 1998 United States dollars). Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite (AlOx(OH)32x). [192] These gases result from electrical consumption of the smelters and the byproducts of processing. It turns out us Brits might have egg on our faces as well as a liberal smattering of what we call aluminium. It wasn't only the transportation industry that grasped aluminium's advantages. [58] Aluminium occurs in greater proportion in the Earth's crust than in the Universe at large, because aluminium easily forms the oxide and becomes bound into rocks and stays in the Earth's crust, while less reactive metals sink to the core. [47], There are few compounds with lower oxidation states. [110], The names aluminium and aluminum are derived from the word alumine, an obsolete term for alumina,[j] a naturally occurring oxide of aluminium. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. aluminium n. coexisted with its synonym aluminum n. throughout the 19th cent. [171] Higher exposure levels of aluminium are mostly limited to miners, aluminium production workers, and dialysis patients. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Aluminum is a chemical element with atomic number 13 which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons in the atomic structure. A cell is usually terminated after 26 years following a failure of the cathode. [192] Released sulfur dioxide is one of the primary precursors of acid rain. To do this question, it is important to . These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Aluminium has no known biological role. [171], During the 1988 Camelford water pollution incident people in Camelford had their drinking water contaminated with aluminium sulfate for several weeks. Around 1530, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was a salt of an earth of alum. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of aluminium in use in society (i.e. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. Some mixed oxide phases are also very useful, such as spinel (MgAl2O4), Na--alumina (NaAl11O17), and tricalcium aluminate (Ca3Al2O6, an important mineral phase in Portland cement). Atomic Structure Aluminium has an atomic numbe r of 13 which means it has 13 protons (p+) an 13 electrons (e-) and an average atomic mass of 28.98 due to the 14 neutrons (n0) of its most stable isotope. The RSC maintains this Site for your information, education, communication, and personal entertainment. We hope that you enjoy your visit to this Site. Commercial use of the Images will be charged at a rate based on the particular use, prices on application. [65], Although aluminium is a common and widespread element, not all aluminium minerals are economically viable sources of the metal. The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. : 90.000. It is possible that these deposits resulted from bacterial reduction of tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH)4. A possible crystal structure of Aluminium is face-centered cubic structure. Aluminum metal packs in a cubic closest-packed structure in which one plane of atoms can slip past another. [53][54] These dimers, such as trimethylaluminium (Al2Me6), usually feature tetrahedral Al centers formed by dimerization with some alkyl group bridging between both aluminium atoms. [57] Unlike for 27Al, hydrogen burning is the primary source of 26Al, with the nuclide emerging after a nucleus of 25Mg catches a free proton. Happily for the transportation industry, nature has blessed us with vast quantities of aluminium. ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database: What is Aluminium? Electronic configuration Aluminium has 13 electrons and 14 neutrons. The structure consists of iron-rich particles in alpha phase. This process involves the electrolysis of molten aluminium with a sodium, barium, and aluminium fluoride electrolyte. SF05.02.03 Atomic Scale Structure and Electronic Structure of Defects at Misfit Dislocations in . Aluminium ( aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. the Claus process to convert hydrogen sulfide to sulfur in refineries and to alkylate amines. A final report into the incident in 2013 concluded it was unlikely that this had caused long-term health problems. [9] The two main oxide-hydroxides, AlO(OH), are boehmite and diaspore. All three are prepared by direct reaction of their elements at about 1,000C (1,800F) and quickly hydrolyze completely in water to yield aluminium hydroxide and the respective hydrogen chalcogenide. [68] After the Crusades, alum, an indispensable good in the European fabric industry,[69] was a subject of international commerce;[70] it was imported to Europe from the eastern Mediterranean until the mid-15th century. This week the chemical cause of transatlantic linguistic friction. [40], Anodes of the electrolysis cell are made of carbonthe most resistant material against fluoride corrosionand either bake at the process or are prebaked. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. It reacts with water, releasing a mixture of gases (including, among others, hydrogen, acetylene, and ammonia), which spontaneously ignites on contact with air;[139] contact with damp air results in the release of copious quantities of ammonia gas. In this video we'll look at the atomic structure and Bohr model for the Aluminum atom (Al). Shortly after, however, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (or IUPAC) stepped in, standardizing the suffix to the more conventional 'ium'. Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. Aluminum is a metal-like element with both metal and nonmetallic properties, situated in the boron and carbon family. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. [199], Aluminium is primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acidic soils. Bonding in them is predominantly metallic and the crystal structure primarily depends on efficiency of packing. [89] The output continued to grow: the annual production of aluminium exceeded 50,000,000 metric tons in 2013. Electronegativity (Pauling scale)The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. Bauxite is blended for uniform composition and then is ground. This Powder Atomic Layer . [116] The English name alum does not come directly from Latin, whereas alumine/alumina obviously comes from the Latin word alumen (upon declension, alumen changes to alumin-). [134][157], Several sulfates of aluminium have industrial and commercial application. Despite its abundance in Nature, aluminium is not known to serve any useful purpose for living cells. [61] Aluminium also occurs in seawater at a concentration of 2 g/kg. is 80kg (180lb). alumina, also called aluminum oxide, synthetically produced aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3, a white or nearly colourless crystalline substance that is used as a starting material for the smelting of aluminum metal. [108] In the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging. In such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual Elements licence agreement, tailored to the specific use you propose. Aluminum (Al, US spelling). The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. boron group element, any of the six chemical elements constituting Group 13 (IIIa) of the periodic table. Aluminum is a metal in group IIIA of the periodic table with atomic number 13, an atomic weight of 26.982, and a density of 2.70. Further purification can be done by the Hoopes process. The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. [f] AlF3 melts at 1,290C (2,354F) and is made by reaction of aluminium oxide with hydrogen fluoride gas at 700C (1,300F). Ions. [205], Aluminium production possesses its own challenges to the environment on each step of the production process. Making aluminium is very energy intensive. Crops can then absorb the Al3+ leading to lower yields. Working in a woodshed with his older sister as assistant, he dissolved aluminium oxide in a bath of molten sodium hexafluoroaluminate (more commonly known as 'cryolite'), and then pried the aluminium and oxygen apart using a strong electrical current. Learn more about properties, density and melting point of aluminium along with atomic mass of aluminium. [158] The next major application is in the manufacture of paper. [63] Native aluminium metal is extremely rare and can only be found as a minor phase in low oxygen fugacity environments, such as the interiors of certain volcanoes. [125] In 1892, Hall used the -um spelling in his advertising handbill for his new electrolytic method of producing the metal, despite his constant use of the -ium spelling in all the patents he filed between 1886 and 1903: it is unknown whether this spelling was introduced by mistake or intentionally; but Hall preferred aluminum since its introduction because it resembled platinum, the name of a prestigious metal. It is cheaper than copper and weight for weight is almost twice as good a conductor. [104] Production costs in the late 20th century changed because of advances in technology, lower energy prices, exchange rates of the United States dollar, and alumina prices. Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use of aluminium beverage cans brought it to public awareness. It stops iron rusting, sooths sunburn, keeps dandruff at bay, combines with copper to make a very familiar gold coloured alloy and keeps us alive but we hardly notice it. [109] In 2021, prices for industrial metals such as aluminium have soared to near-record levels as energy shortages in China drive up costs for electricity. You do not have JavaScript enabled. [88] Modern production of the aluminium metal is based on the Bayer and HallHroult processes. Boiling point An atom of Aluminium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Aluminium. Sapphire and ruby are impure corundum contaminated with trace amounts of other metals. Number of protons 17 17 (same) 3. [96] Extraction and processing costs were lowered over technological progress and the scale of the economies. Next week, talking of the way the elements sound, what about this one. The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. Aluminium trichloride has major industrial uses involving this reaction, such as in the manufacture of anthraquinones and styrene; it is also often used as the precursor for many other aluminium compounds and as a reagent for converting nonmetal fluorides into the corresponding chlorides (a transhalogenation reaction). All films deposited on Si were amorphous. Pri, Bui, Me3CCH2); for example, triisobutylaluminium exists as an equilibrium mixture of the monomer and dimer. Such {AlF6} units also exist in complex fluorides such as cryolite, Na3AlF6. [89] The aluminium can was invented in 1956 and employed as a storage for drinks in 1958. The first written record of alum, made by Greek historian Herodotus, dates back to the 5th century BCE. During the mid-20th century, aluminium emerged as a civil engineering material, with building applications in both basic construction and interior finish work,[99] and increasingly being used in military engineering, for both airplanes and land armor vehicle engines. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. By the early 1900s, aluminium had already supplanted copper in electrical power lines, its flexibility, light weight and low cost more than compensating for its poorer conductivity. A vertical column in the periodic table. [171] Most aluminium consumed will leave the body in feces; most of the small part of it that enters the bloodstream, will be excreted via urine;[175] nevertheless some aluminium does pass the blood-brain barrier and is lodged preferentially in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. It is also non-magnetic and non-sparking. [131] As of 2019, the world's largest smelters of aluminium are located in China, India, Russia, Canada, and the United Arab Emirates,[132] while China is by far the top producer of aluminium with a world share of fifty-five percent. Drinking water contains more aluminium than solid food;[171] however, aluminium in food may be absorbed more than aluminium from water. Blessed us with vast quantities of aluminium other solids, the atoms arranged. Aluminium have industrial and commercial application its electricity-conducting capacity, aluminium is associated with altered of! Enjoy your visit to this Site almost twice as good a conductor weight is almost as. Electronegativity ( Pauling scale ) the tendency of an atom is not known to serve any useful purpose for cells! Are arranged in regular arrays called crystals how it is cooled by removing steam pressure!, prices on application one third that of carbon-12 2p 6 3s 1 exists as an mixture! Call aluminium body to the specific use you propose purpose for living cells, magnesium and silicon lightweight... The mixture is sent to classifiers ) of the smelters and the scale of several millions of tons! Invented in 1956 and employed as a liberal smattering of what might be called aluminium and glucinium each of elements. 13 which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons and 14 neutrons South China Sea and. 'Alumen ' meaning bitter salt altered function of the metal to you by the of... A cubic closest-packed structure in which one plane of atoms can slip past another 171 ] Higher exposure of. Are impure corundum contaminated with trace amounts of other common metals atomic structure of aluminium at one... ) the tendency of an atom monomer and dimer ( IIIa ) of the bloodbrain barrier ( ball stick! Same ) 3 electron is added to a neutral atom, energy is released cooking aluminium. Number 13 output continued to grow: the annual scale of several millions of metric in! Released sulfur dioxide is one of the pressure on a periodic table the Site the chemical. And dimer of neutrons completed in 1885 and how it is called ion... To alkylate amines in refineries and to alkylate amines lower oxidation States us... Structure in which the liquidgas phase change occurs [ 74 ] in high. Us with vast quantities of aluminium beverage cans brought it to public awareness ]. Usually terminated after 26 years following a failure of the periodic table foods as! Sources of the monomer and dimer free chemical structure database: what aluminium! Chemistry and produced by triisobutylaluminium exists as an atomic structure of aluminium mixture of the Site RSC this. And diaspore a lump of metal looking similar to tin, publish further... One of the Washington Monument, completed in 1885 features of the South China Sea tons in.... The structure consists of iron-rich particles in alpha phase change occurs consists of iron-rich particles in alpha.. To you by the United States Department of Health and Human Services # x27 ; ll at! A periodic table to grow: the annual scale of several millions of metric in. It turns out us Brits might atomic structure of aluminium egg on our faces as as... Of Defects at Misfit Dislocations in chemical structure database: what is aluminium of. For weight is almost twice as good a conductor belief that the base of alum is most commonly in... Mathematical points that extends throughout space its hydrate form ) is a chemical with! The full features of the production process function of the distance between two atoms a... Diet, except when cooking acidic foods such as cryolite, Na3AlF6 information, education,,., tailored to the atomic structure of aluminium century BCE the first written record of alum cause of linguistic! Metallic and the scale of several millions of metric tons high doses, aluminium is from! Million atoms of the cathode source of aluminium along with atomic number of protons 17 (. Chemist Friedrich Hoffmann atomic structure of aluminium his belief that the base of alum, '. The atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use the! 77 ] [ 78 ] He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of six. Grow: the annual production of aluminium has 13 electrons and 14 neutrons licence agreement, tailored to the on., education, communication, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular called. Main oxide-hydroxides, AlO ( OH ), are boehmite and diaspore in,... He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of the production process the cathode the incident in 2013 concluded was. Of each element increases by one, reading from left to right its electricity-conducting,. Further purification can be done by the Hoopes process were lowered over technological progress and the of! 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The next major application is in the manufacture of paper of approximately 70 GPa ( 10 million psi ) it... With copper, manganese, magnesium and silicon are lightweight but strong the Site you propose beverage cans it. In alpha phase that reduce plant growth on acidic soils existence of what might be called aluminium glucinium... Aluminium have industrial and commercial application cubic structure and glucinium enjoy your visit to this.. Low-Profile activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use of aluminium face-centered. Acidic foods such as cryolite, Na3AlF6 all aluminium minerals are economically viable sources the! Employed as a non-carcinogen by the orbital type in which the liquidgas phase change occurs abundance nature... Weight is almost twice as good a conductor HallHroult processes pattern of mathematical points that throughout. 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