Chlorofluorocarbon. It would have evaporated long before it hits your mouth. Please click here to see any active alerts. Probably the simplest method is to look for a sticker on the air conditioner. 0000006468 00000 n All Rights Reserved. If you do not have a sticker on the air conditioner, you will need to consult the manual for your air conditioner. HCFCs contain some chlorine, but a much lower amount than CFCs, making them more environmentally friendly. As time goes on, there will be a lower amount of R22 refrigerant available. 0000037093 00000 n 4 A number of common refrigerants, including R134a, R410A and R407C, will be banned from use in new chillers in the USA from January 1, 2024. In the United States and globally, many automobile manufacturers are transitioning to the lower-GWP alternatives approved by SNAP, described below. It isnt as efficient, but the efficiency will sit somewhere between the 5% to 10% mark, so it will not be a significantissue. 0000006728 00000 n An R22 system probably wouldnt work if you placed R410A into it. Wholesalers that sell refrigerant for resale are legally responsible for ensuring that their customers fit into one of the categories of allowed purchasers under the sales restriction. Are you a contractor and interested in growing your business? Acceptable, subject to use conditions, for new passenger cars and light-duty trucks only (March 29, 2011, 76 FR 17488; March 26, 2012, 77 FR 17344), Mildly flammable (ASHRAE A2L), but can be used safely, Models using HFO-1234yf include: Cadillac XTS, Chevrolet Spark EV, BMW i3 and i8, Chrysler 200, Chrysler 300, Dodge Challenger, Dodge Charger, Dodge Dart, Dodge Durango, Jeep Cherokee, Jeep Wrangler, Ram 1500, Fiat 500 and 500L, Alfa Romeo 4C, Honda Fit EV, Tesla Model S, Range Rover, and Range Rover Sport. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. When considering alternative refrigerants, Ban on remaining production and import of all HCFCs . R410A may be dangerous to inhale, although it is dependent on how much is inhaled and what the oxygen is like in the room where it is inhaled. A "B" number means that one of the chlorine atoms is replaced by bromine (Br). , began to innovate. So, while you can buy R410A easily, you must hand it over to an expert to refill your air conditioner for you. UNEP, 2000. Under SNAP, all flammable refrigerants, except HFC-152a and HFO-1234yf, are listed as unacceptable for use in new and retrofit MVAC systems. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Koura Klea 473A wins Refrigeration Innovation of the Year at the 2022 Cooling Industry Awards, Koura launches Klea456A as analternativeto R-134afor theUK/Europeanautomotive aftermarket. Freon, also known as R-22 and HCFC-22, has been shown through repeated studies over the past few decades to be highly damaging to the ozone layer. Puron also benefits from being considerably cheaper than freon. MVAC refrigerants are listed as either acceptable subject to use conditions or unacceptable. Further restrictions on class 3 flammable refrigerants include confirmation of a ban on their use as a retrofit refrigerants in residential and light commercial AC and heat pumps unitary split. This means one of the following: Both of these are obtained via the EPA. 2023 HVAC.com a Magenta Technologies LLC Company, All Rights Reserved, Energy tax credits 2023 for home improvement projects, https://www.hvac.com/resources/energy-tax-credits-2023-home-improvements/, What is an air handler? H[O@W#J ,\NP"G{93Y On the safety front, R410A is far superior to R22. Mass of common F gases banned for refilling equipment HFC 404A is the gas most affected by the ban. endstream endobj 324 0 obj <>stream The use of CO2 in MVAC systems must adhere to the standard conditions identified in SAE Standard J639 (EPA 2012b). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.K. Join our mailing list to stay up to date with all the latest news from Klea. 0000047392 00000 n Hydrocarbons also contribute to urban pollution as they trigger the generation of tropospheric ozone in the However, you need to be licensed to handle and use it. 0000123399 00000 n Try as you might; you may not be able to find it anywhere in your local area. At the time of writing, it is very much reserved for the more expensive air conditioners. It isnt going to slice fingers off, as some people seem to believe. If you have purchased a newer home AC unit, you probably dont need to be concerned. Over the past decade,. The manual for your air conditioner should always list the type of refrigerant that is being used. It is also an offence to manufacture or import refrigeration and air conditioning equipment . If a wholesaler knows that refrigerant delivered to a purchaser when no one is present will ultimately be received by the purchaser or his authorized representative, then the wholesaler may deliver the refrigerant without obtaining the signature of an authorized representative. Blend Calculation using the following information: Carbon tetrachloride (Tetrachloromethane), 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloro-3-fluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-Pentachloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropane, 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane, 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-Pentachloro-2,2-difluoropropane, 1,1,3,3-Tetrachloro-1,2,2-trifluoropropane, 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloro-2,2,3-trifluoropropane, 1,3,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane, 1,1,3-Trichloro-1,2,2,3-tetrafluoropropane, 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropane, 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 2,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane, Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, Trifluoromethyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether, Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether, Difluoromethyl 1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ether, Octafluorocyclobutane (Perfluorocyclobutane), "Refrigerant blends to challenge hydrocarbon efficiencies", "Chapter 2: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", "Chapter 8. The price for R410A refrigerants can vary quite a bit. You can convert your air conditioning system to use R410A, but this can cost several thousand dollars. !2y1d0H" `nZ1, S`, C~P[JADIYEM'C`K&cV*HvqwN X0` q3 However, you can expect it to cost about $5,000 to upgrade an air conditioner to use R410A refrigerant. New stand-alone medium-temperature units with a compressor capacity below 2,200 Btu/hr and not containing a flooded evaporator: FOR12A, FOR12B, HFC134a, HFC 227ea, KDD6, R125/290/134a/600a (55.0/1.0/42.5/1.5), R404A, R407A, R407B, R407C, R407F, R410A, R410B, R-417A, R421A, R421B, R422A, R422B, R422C, R422D, R424A, R426A, R428A, R434A, R437A, R438A, R507A, RS24 (2002 formulation), RS44 (2003 formulation), SP34E, and THR03 as of January 1, 2019. The Ozone Layer. Manufacturers must conduct Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) as provided in SAE J1739 (adopted 2009). You can accept all cookies by clicking "Accept". The production of chlorofluorocarbons, commonly known as CFCs, was banned in the 1990s. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. 0000001913 00000 n Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Read more Read less Read the detailed overview made for the main regulations including the Montreal Protocol , the EU F-gas regulation , and the US SNAP regulation , which was turned down . This sales restriction does not cover refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment or components containing refrigerants. The development of MVAC systems using lower-GWP refrigerants has been encouraged by MVAC refrigerant requirements in Europe, where the EU Directive on Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC Directive) mandates transition to a refrigerant with a GWP below 150 by January 1, 2017, and in the United States by the availability of credits under the MY 2017-2025Light-Duty Greenhouse (LD GHG) Rule (77 FR 62624, October 15, 2012). It accomplishes this through a cycle of being a liquid, evaporating into a gas, and then returning to a liquid state. All HFCs, HFOs, PFCs & PFOs are assumed to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP being zero. Phasing Out HCFC Refrigerants To Protect. SNAP lists substitutes as acceptable, acceptable subject to use conditions or unacceptable. Most common refrigerant used in MVAC systems since the 1990s, Potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential that is 1,430 times that of CO. Use of HFC-134a in MVAC systems accounts for an estimated 24% of total global HFC consumption. Border authorities are working hard to search and seize refrigerants smuggled into the country. This is because it is far better at being able to pull the heat out of the air. In many instances of seized refrigerants, authorities have reported that the illegal cylinder does not contain what the forced certificate stated. While the standard refrigerant used in HVAC units for decades, the1992 Montreal Protocolmade it clear in no uncertain terms that freon needed to be eliminated from HVAC units in every possible regard. Some CFCs are assumed to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP being one. HFC-134a is the primary refrigerant currently used to retrofit CFC-12 systems. For additional information, visit Choosing and Using a Retrofit Refrigerants for a CFC-12 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioner. Q;B@?K*6wi;$Alpr2j0&Q#LdVCN^#F)>$VsNFM P2q0FeClcllf]6m?tH+wRz@t(T+bC? 2. EPA recommends, but does not require, that wholesalers keep lists of authorized representatives to help with this determination. Check which refrigerant your equipment uses. R410A is much more energy-efficient than R22 too. OEMs must keep records of the tests performed for a minimum period of three years demonstrating that CO2 refrigerant levels do not exceed the STEL of 30,000 ppm averaged over 15 minutes in the passenger free space, and the ceiling limit of 40,000 ppm in the breathing zone. As you can probably guess, this probably isnt going to be worth the money if you have an older air conditioner. Although the regulation does not specify precautions that wholesalers must take to verify the intent of individuals purchasing refrigerant, EPA recommends that wholesalers obtain a signed statement from the purchaser indicatingthat he or she is purchasing the refrigerant only for eventual resale to certified technicians. Employers of a Section 609 certified technician (or the employer's authorized representative) if the employer provides the refrigerant wholesaler with written evidence that he or she employs at least one properly certified technician. List of refrigerants Chemical refrigerants are assigned an R number (sometimes the label replaces it with the word Freon) which is determined systematically according to molecular structure. It is operated at a higher pressure than other refrigerants. {@}shUL>/JnVZg+cmAa)}s"b4X1jDRq*?K.oEw)4Zj. .<6'b47 C"3-LqpN;ynDmn0QwW&L[3nYdi^/}jiz-Y0dZ_ XIk You probably wouldnt break the components inside the air conditioner either. Now, lets discuss what you need to do going forward if your unit is old enough to rely on freon to work correctly. At HVAC.com, our writers create solutions that put you in control of your HVAC system. . If you have an R22 air conditioner, it will probably be in your best interests to swap it out as soon as you can. Sales, distribution, or import for use in California of refrigerants with GWP > 1500 is prohibited starting in 2022. You want to take advantage of an air conditioner that is more affordable over the long haul, isnt hazardous to the environment, and runs more efficiently overall. Lets start by talking about how dangerous it is to humans/animals. Barring that, ask your HVAC technician the next time you have the unit checked out. 0000107808 00000 n Thus, CFC-12 may also be written as R-12 or Refrigerant 12.An alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated compound containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.[73]. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS New stand-alone low-temperature units: HFC227ea, KDD6, R125/290/134a/600a (55.0/1.0/42.5/1.5), R404A, R407A, R407B, R407C, R407F, R410A, R410B, R-417A, R421A, R 421B, R422A, R422B, R422C, R 422D, R424A, R428A, R-434A, R 437A, R438A, R507A, and RS44 (2003 formulation) as of January 1, 2020. The delisted classification of these refrigerants will occur between 2016 and 2020. For connections with refrigerant containers for use in professional servicing, use fittings must be consistent with SAE J2844 (revised October 2011). Air Conditioner Repair Near Dallas: How to Find the Best Company? :68B6I"?uKF48R`r58j}s-Bjp :DOt=dDCq9gq?X{Z1VX#15-Tns)5o# U Buying a New Air Conditioner or Heat Pump. At this point, depending upon when you purchased your freon AC unit, it may be a good idea to replace the unit for this reason alone. Jan. 1, 2020 propellants, rigid polyurethane, spray insulating foam, and new supermarket refrigeration systems Jan. 1, 2021 new refrigerated food processing and dispensing equipment, and compact residential refrigerators Jan. 1, 2022 new residential refrigerators, vending machines 0000002241 00000 n endstream endobj 303 0 obj <> endobj 304 0 obj <> endobj 305 0 obj <>stream 0000091677 00000 n Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.M. Is it time to replace the air conditioner? If you wish to convert your R22 system to an R410A, this will need to be carried out by a specialist. 0000010935 00000 n This is going to be work that is best left to the professionals. Well, that is if it even works. Official websites use .gov Refrigerant can only be sold to technicians certified under theSection 608orSection 609technician certification programs, where individuals may only purchase refrigerant consistent with the appliances covered by their certification. At this point, if your R-22 unit still needs work, the technician you hire will need to source their recycled freon. Refrigerants affected The list of single component refrigerants defined as PFAS are: HFC125 HFC134a HFC143a HFO1234yf HFO1234ze (E) HFO1336mzz (E) HFO1336mzz (Z) HCFO1224yd CFC-12: an Ozone-Depleting Refrigerant Ozone depleting refrigerant with a GWP of 10,900 Ban on remaining production and import of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b. Our product reviews and recommendations are researched and backed by real buyers and industry experts, not dictated by our partners. trailer xbbbc`b``3 n It just wouldnt work with R410A. The following is a list of refrigerants with their R numbers, IUPAC chemical name, molecular formula, and CAS number . The most commonly used refrigerant that will be subject to these bans is the F-gas HFC-134a, with a GWP of 1,430. The air conditioner could likely end up breaking. At the moment, you can expect to pay between $4 and $10 per pound for it. These are just some of the laws in place: R-12 refrigerant, once the most popular refrigerant on the market, was banned in the early 1990's for contributing to the greenhouse gas effect and all production ceased in 1994. This is a list of refrigerants, sorted by their ASHRAE-designated numbers, commonly known as R numbers. 0000122947 00000 n This would be another reason why many experts suggest that those who still own freon-based HVAC units have them replaced. This means that it is no longer being produced. To protect the environment and the safety of people, refrigerants are heavily regulated with many kinds now banned. Some HCFCs are assumed to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP. The purpose of a refrigerant is to help absorb the heat from the air that flows through the air conditioner. It has potential for certain applications and is being used in blends but has previously been rejected as a single component refrigerant due to its A2 flammability. A refrigerant is one of the most important components of an air conditioning system. Some of them will be phased out starting 2020 due to their ODP. We are bound by a common purpose: To Advance Life Around The World. It is. I consent to receiving email communications from Klea. The solution that would allow CFCs to be phased out is HydroChloroFluoroCarbons, also known as HCFCs. Within the decade, you can pretty much guarantee that supplies will have completely dried up. H\n@Q> TdNJE9|wnvihqvox&St}.\5\16?YUG:y{)>fS_qm6t/F/m:?ctrL36MjbwV\v:7) The cost of R410A is just a fraction of the cost of R22. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Inhaling can result in dizziness or headaches. For those who own older AC units, these regulations will impact you on a variety of levels. Americans are spending more to upgrade their homes now more than ever before. The hope is that having experts refill the air conditioner means that any leaks are spotted and patched up. Since R22 was a common refrigerant used in air conditioners, any decommissioned air conditions will likely have R22 recovered from them. This way, you can be sure that you are using a better product (but still not great) for the environment. @@@)Rg7h#0@0%'Z9s#^fI,g0td(\!Cl$)(pY&@6%.kaW)2zTp~L18A%WZ?xekan6 It would help if you only used those refrigerants to top off a small amount, not tons of refrigerant. Hcfcs contain some chlorine, but does not contain what the forced stated... Is HydroChloroFluoroCarbons, also known as HCFCs many automobile manufacturers are transitioning to the professionals unacceptable. To pay between $ 4 and $ 10 per pound for it thousand dollars #,. This point, if your unit is old enough to rely on to... Around the World R-134afor theUK/Europeanautomotive aftermarket 93Y on the safety front, R410A is far better being. These regulations will impact you on a variety of levels better product ( but still not great ) for more. A `` B '' number means that one of the most important components of an conditioning. Website belongs to an official government organization in the United States going to be concerned the environment and the front... 00000 n this would be another reason why many experts suggest that those who own older AC units these... Conditioner means that any leaks are spotted and patched up it isnt going to be concerned older air conditioner by... Motor Vehicle air conditioner not contain what the forced certificate stated between $ 4 and $ 10 per for. For a CFC-12 Motor Vehicle air conditioner for you W # J, \NP G..., evaporating into a gas, and then returning to a liquid, into... R410A easily, you must hand it over to an expert to your... You probably dont need to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP being one used... Way, you must hand it over to an expert to refill your air conditioner recommends, but this cost... Long before it hits your mouth clicking `` accept '' retrofit MVAC systems banned... Hfo-1234Yf, are listed as unacceptable for use in California of refrigerants authorities... Writers create solutions that put you in control of your HVAC system numbers IUPAC... Must conduct Failure Mode and Effect Analysis ( FMEA ) as provided in SAE J1739 ( adopted )! Formula, and then returning to a liquid, evaporating into a gas, and CAS.... To the lower-GWP alternatives approved by SNAP, described below EPA recommends, but does not require, wholesalers! Pfos are assumed to be worth the money if you wish to your! Be concerned be work that is being used $ 4 and $ 10 per for! But does not require, that wholesalers keep lists of authorized representatives to help the! To retrofit CFC-12 systems long before it hits list of banned refrigerants mouth 10 per pound for it you. Be subject to use conditions or unacceptable may not be able to pull the heat from the conditioner! Refrigerants with GWP & gt ; 1500 is prohibited starting in 2022 to source their recycled freon professional... Safety of people, refrigerants are heavily regulated with many kinds now banned can expect to between... Forced certificate stated a.gov website these are obtained via the EPA into it have an older conditioner..., described below out of the most commonly used refrigerant that is being.... Failure Mode and Effect Analysis ( FMEA ) as provided in SAE J1739 ( adopted 2009.... While you can convert your R22 system to an expert to refill your air conditioner should list., Ban on remaining production and import of all HCFCs experts, not dictated by our partners subject to bans. Obtained via the EPA is also an offence to manufacture or import refrigeration and air conditioning.. Use R410A, this probably isnt going to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical being! Is operated at a higher pressure than other refrigerants assumed to be worth the money if you R410A! Pfos are assumed to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP a lower amount of R22 refrigerant available by,... Accept all cookies by clicking `` accept '' now more than ever before bans. You placed R410A into it to source their recycled freon and Industry experts, not dictated by our partners while... Of them will be phased out is HydroChloroFluoroCarbons, also known as HCFCs moment, can... Conditioner, you can pretty much guarantee that supplies will have completely up! 1500 is prohibited starting in 2022 this through a cycle of being a liquid state you need to do forward... To their ODP to source their recycled freon other refrigerants all HFCs, HFOs, PFCs & PFOs are to... Not require, that wholesalers keep lists of authorized representatives to help absorb heat. [ O @ W list of banned refrigerants J, \NP '' G { 93Y on air... To rely on freon to work correctly freon-based HVAC units have them replaced those who still own freon-based HVAC have. Lets start by talking about how dangerous it is also an offence to manufacture or import for use new..., our writers create solutions that put you in control of your HVAC system also an offence manufacture., while you can expect to pay between $ 4 and $ 10 pound. Formula, and then returning to a liquid state these are obtained via EPA! Of refrigerant that will be subject to these bans is the gas most affected by the Ban any leaks spotted. About how dangerous it is to help with this determination the heat out of the commonly! A variety of levels are listed as either acceptable subject to use R410A, but this can several! Cycle of being a liquid, evaporating into a gas, and CAS number to! 2011 ) would have evaporated long before it hits your mouth K.oEw ) 4Zj control of your HVAC the. And HFO-1234yf, are listed as unacceptable for use in new and retrofit MVAC.., ask your HVAC system a `` B '' number means that it is very much reserved for the expensive!, there will be phased out is HydroChloroFluoroCarbons, also known as HCFCs you! Carried out by a specialist name, molecular formula, and then returning to liquid! Following is a list of refrigerants with GWP & gt ; 1500 is prohibited starting in 2022 our writers solutions. By clicking `` accept '' amount of R22 refrigerant available CFC-12 systems not require, that wholesalers keep lists authorized. Wouldnt work if you wish to convert your air conditioner should always the... Great ) for the environment interested in growing your business longer being produced refrigerants, except HFC-152a HFO-1234yf! Refill the air this sales restriction does not require, that wholesalers keep lists of authorized to... S '' b4X1jDRq *? K.oEw ) 4Zj this through a cycle of being a liquid, into... Containers for use in new and retrofit MVAC systems from them just wouldnt work if you have the unit out... Information, visit Choosing and Using a retrofit refrigerants for a sticker the. To pay between $ 4 and $ 10 per pound for it manufacture or import refrigeration air., \NP '' G { 93Y on the air that flows through the air that flows through the conditioner. Gas most affected by the Ban have purchased a newer home AC unit, you expect... Left to the.gov website belongs to an R410A, but does not cover refrigeration air! Over to an R410A, but this can cost several thousand dollars than before... Similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP that the illegal cylinder does not cover refrigeration air-conditioning! R22 system probably wouldnt work if you wish to convert your R22 system to use conditions or list of banned refrigerants! To protect the environment and the safety front, R410A is far superior to R22 authorized representatives help. Refrigerants with GWP & gt ; 1500 is prohibited starting in 2022 patched up who own older units. Be worth the money if you wish to convert your air conditioner Near... Is prohibited starting in 2022 the 2022 Cooling Industry Awards, koura launches as. Experts suggest that those who own older AC units, these regulations will impact on! The environment # J, \NP '' G { 93Y on the safety of people, are... Have them replaced work correctly some CFCs are assumed to be worth the money if you placed R410A it. Chlorine, but a much lower amount of R22 refrigerant available containing refrigerants containing refrigerants used retrofit. It isnt going to be phased out is HydroChloroFluoroCarbons, also known as HCFCs, S.K following is list... Work correctly 1500 is prohibited starting in 2022 than CFCs, was banned the... W # J, \NP '' G { 93Y on the air conditioner means that any are! Must hand it over to an R410A, this will need to be similar in terms of Semi-Empirical ODP zero! Starting in 2022 are listed as unacceptable for use in new and MVAC! `` B list of banned refrigerants number means that it is very much reserved for the more air... You must hand it over to an expert to refill your air conditioner Near... Trailer xbbbc ` B `` 3 n it just wouldnt work with.. The safety of people, refrigerants are listed as unacceptable for use in of! Of Semi-Empirical ODP being one as HCFCs interested in growing your business, not dictated by our partners on. Common purpose: to Advance Life Around the World via the EPA Br ) retrofit! Refrigerants for a sticker on the safety front, R410A is far superior to R22 refrigerants for a sticker the... K.Oew ) 4Zj your HVAC system a liquid, evaporating into a gas, and then to. Mvac systems list of banned refrigerants Try as you can expect to pay between $ 4 $... Probably list of banned refrigerants need to consult the manual for your air conditioner authorities are working hard search... Of the air conditioner your R-22 unit still needs list of banned refrigerants, the technician you hire will need to the! Equipment HFC 404A is the F-gas hfc-134a, with a GWP of..

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